• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 1990

This study is to discuss limiting factors influenced on the removal efficiency of organic materials investigated using the polypropyrene biofilter which appropriate to attach micro-organism in order to apply the contact oxidation proce,:5. The results obtained in the experiment were as follows : 1. In the range o: pH 4.0~ 12.0 was obtained the removal efficiency of COD higher than 85% It was proved that variation of pH(4.0 ~ 12.0) was nothing to do with the removal efficiency of substrate in continuous reactor. 2. Temperature to obtain removal efficiency of COD higher than 85% was $10^{\circ}$ ~$40^{\circ}$. Removal efficiency of COD was no less than those at high temperature if MLVSS concentration was maintained 8,000~ 15,000 m/1. 3. In the continuous reactor, the volumetric loading of COD for removal efficiency higher than 95% had to be 0.5~1.5 kg COD/.d below. And then the HRT was Bhrs. 4. In comparison with the conventional activate sludge process, the contact oxidation process was excellent in removal efficiency, sludge production rate and maintenance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.113-124
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• 2006

The feasibility of the up- and down-flow constructed wetland was examined fur rural wastewater treatment in Korea. Many constructed wetland process was suffered from substrate clogging and high plant stresses because of long term operation. The up- and down-flow constructed wetland process used porous granule materials (charcoal pumice : SSR=10:20:70) for promoting intake rate of nutrient to plant, and especially flow type was designed continuously repeating from up-flow to down-flow. $BOD_5$ and SS was removed effectively by the process with the average removal rate being about 75% respectively. The wetland process was effective in treating nutrient as well as organic pollutant. Removal of TN and TP were more effective than other wetland system and mean effluent concentrations were approximately 7.5 and $0.4mg\;L^{-1}$ which satisfied the water quality standard for WWTPs. The treatment system did not experience any clogging or accumulations of pollutants and reduction of treatment efficiency during winter period because constructed polycarbonate glass structure prevented temperature drop. Considering stable performance and effective removal of pollutant in wastewater, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, the up- and down-flow constructed wetland was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative in rural area.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107.2-119
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• 1992

Fish pathology is one of the main scientific bases upon which this expansion in aquaculture has been dependent and requires a wide knowledge of the environmental constraints, the physiology and characteristic of the various pathogens, the responses of the host, and the methods by which they may be controlled. The primary disease and parasite problems in aquaculture animals related to viral, bacteria, fungal and protozoan epizootics. Parasitic nematodes, trematodes and cestodes are commonly found in aquaculture animals, but seldom are they present in concentrations sufficient to cause significant problems, When an epizootic does occur and chemical treatment is indicated, the appropriate chemical must be selected an properly applied. We have antibiotics, sulfa, nitrofuran and other chemicals for treatment of fish diseases, Some may be mixed with the feed during formulation, added to the pellets of feed as a surface coating, given in the form of an injection or used as a bath. Even though a drug or chemical has been officially approved for use in aquaculture, the substance should never be used unless there is a clear need, Some of the reasions for this view are as follows: (1) the constant use of antibiotics can leak to the development of resistant strains of bacteria, (2) biofilter efficiency may be impaired or destroyed by chemicals added to closed recirculating water systems, and(3) the injudicious use of chemical can have a damaging effect on the environment as well as on human.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.139-152
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• 2017

Excessive amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odorants discharged into the environment are highly dangerous to human health as well as to ecological systems. Biological treatments of waste gas streams, called biofiltration, containing VOCs and odorous compounds has gained much attention because biofilters are more cost effective and environmentally friendly than conventional air pollution control technologies. This review provides an overview of biotrickling filtration, which is a type of biofiltration including continuous trickled-water flow inside filter media, for VOC and odor abatement. The configuration, design, cost effectiveness, removal capacity and environmental impact of this techniques and the future research and development needs in this area are all considered.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.622-629
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• 2014

This study induced biological denitrification and nitrification via a biofiltration process with the view of removing nitrogen from land-based fish farm effluent. To achieve this, we operated an aquaculture nitrogen-removal system that includes a denitrification and nitrification reactor [working volume 40 L, flow rate 64.8 L, HRT (hydraulic retention time) 14.8 h, HRT considering recycling of NOx 7.4 h]. In the continuous process, the nitrification rate of ammonium nitrogen exceeded 90% at a steady state and the denitrification efficiency exceeded 80% with recycling to a pre-anoxic reactor. In addition, the pH in the final effluent was lower with a low influent water alkalinity averaging 100 mg/L (as $CaCO_3$). For effective denitrification reactions, carbon must be supplied via particulate organic matter (POM) hydrolysis because of the low C/N (carbon/nitrogen) ratio in the water.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

This study was conducted to solve the problem of public grievance owing to odor of a pig farm. Odor emissions from pig production systems mainly originate from liquid manure storage and solid manure fermentation. The low-cost odor abatement system (OAS) for application at liquid manure storage tank and solid manure fermentation facilities was developed in this study. The OAS adapted odor removing principles of a biofilter and biotrickling filter. The OAS is very simplified in structure. The appearance of the OAS had a form of cylindrical or cubical shape. The system performance was monitored for about one year after stabilization. A 7 seconds empty bed contact time for the OAS was adapted to achieve the odor reduction levels. The commercial type of OAS was constructed with media comprised of wood chips. Moisture content always remained above 50% wet basis. Average ammonia removal efficiency for the developed design was 89% at the liquid manure storage tank. Also, the removal efficiency at a solid manure fermentation facility was 86% on ammonia.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.664-669
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• 2004

An upflow BAF(Biological Aerated Filter) equipped with an expanded clay media was applied to reuse weaving wastewater of water jet loom. The performance of lab-scale biofilter was investigated by the adjustment of EBCTs(Empty Bed Contact Time) and the packing ratio of media, which were changed 1.1 to 3.7hr and 38 to 63%, respectively. In most conditions except 1.1hr of EBCT, BOD, CODcr, SS and Turbidity of the effluent were 1~4mg/L, 7~16mg/L, 1~5mg/L and 5~14NTU, where their removal efficiencies were 76~95%, 82~93%, 63~94% and 59~81%, respectively. From the observation of SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) photographs of porous clay media, it was revealed that this media provided good performance of retaining microbes effectively. In addition, $0.44~0.49kgVSS/kgBOD_{rem}$. of low sludge reduction was expected. The most efficient back washing cycle and procedure were once per 4 to 9 days and air including collapse-pulsing method, respectively. Therefore, this system can be of use as an weaving wastewater treatment for reuse.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.87-95
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• 2000

A vegetation purification system was applied to improve water quality of Masan Reservoir in Korea, which was composed of constructed wetlands in series. Five different kinds of macrophytes were planted in each wetland. The system was operated with the condition of low concentrations and high hydraulic loadings. Removal efficiencies(%) of chemical oxygen demand(COD) , total nitrogen(T-N) and total phosphorus(T-P) in this system were 9.0, 12.8, 20.1% , respectively. and removal rates(g/$m^2$/d) were 1.9(COD), 0.34(T-N) and 0.05(T-P) . Comparing this system with other wetlands operated at low hydraulic loadings, average removal efficiencies were low but removal rates were relatively high. Accordingly, this system could be applied to imporve reservoir water quality, because removal rates are more important than removal efficiencies in case of reservoir water quality improvement . However, the removal efficiencies and rates of this system are less than those of the hydroponic biofilter method which is a kind of a constructed wetland and utilize root zones of emergent macrophytes for trapping pollutants. Therefore, it is recommended that this system should be modified to utilize root zones of emergent macrophytes enough to improve reservoir water quality more efficiently.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the air lift reactors (ALR) by variations of HRT and recycling rate. Air lift reactor was composed of bioreactor and clarifier above it. To remove organic matters and nitrogen through the formation of microbic film and filtration, bio-filter reactors were filled with clay, glass, bead, waste plastic, respectively. Influent wastewater was fed to biofilter reactor, and effluent wastewater from bio-filter reactor was injected ALR again, instead of adding external carbon source. Effluent BOD concentration was satisfied with lower than 10 mg/L in recycling rate 100% regardless of the variation of HRT and the kinds of media materials. In HRT 4 hr, recycling rate 100%, BOD removal efficiency rate was from about 85 to 90%, COD removal efficiency rate was higher than 90%. Effluent TN concentration was satisfied with less than 20 mg/L, if HRT was maintained by over than 6 hr regardless of recycling rate and media materials. Over than HRT was 4 hr, microbes concentration in air lift reactor was maintained over than 2,500 mg/L constantly, not sensitive to environmental condition, and organic removal was effective as it was higher.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.58-60
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• 2017

Halioglobus sp. RR3-57 was isolated from a biofilter of a seawater recirculating aquaculture system and its complete genome sequence was obtained using the PacBio RS II platform. Two circular contigs were assembled and considered as a chromosome and a plasmid (size of 4,847,776 bp and 155,799 bp, and G+C content of 57.5% and 53.2%, respectively). Genomic analysis showed RR3-57 had 18 denitrification-related genes and an incomplete prophage.