• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2005

The pellets with multiple drug release system (MDRS) of Diltiazem. HCl which consist of immediate drug release layer, drug reservoir layer and controlled release rate membrane, were prepared by using CF-Coater. As main factors for more effective MDRS of Diltiazem. HCl, ethylcellulose was used for the controlling drug release rate, and diethylphthalate was used for plasticizer, respectively. In vitro evaluation study was performed by comparative dissolution test between our test MDRS and reference Diltiazem. HCl preparation. The physical tests were performed using FT-IR and SEM. In vivo evaluation was also performed by observing the behavior of a plasma drug concentration after oral administration. The bioavailability was determined by analyzing the blood sample after oral administration to healthy, male volunteers once a day. As a result, there were no significant differences in bioequivalence parameters $(AUC_{\infty},\;C_{max},\;t_{1/2})$ between two systems. It might be concluded that our MDRS of Diltiazem. HCl could be an alternative delivery system to reference drug preparation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2009

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two domperidone maleate tablets, Motilium-$M^{(R)}$ Tablet (Janssen Korea Ltd., reference product) and $Toriem^{(R)}$ Tablet (Daewon Pharm. Co., Ltd., test product). Domperidone was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl ether and separated in less than 3 min on $C_{18}$ reverse-phase column using an isocratic elution. A tandem mass spectrometer, as detector, was used for quantitative analysis in positive mode by a multiple reaction monitoring mode to monitor the m/z $426.1{\rightarrow}119.1$ and the m/z $837.4{\rightarrow}158.2$ transitions for domperidone and the internal standard (roxithromycin), respectively. Calibration curves, from $0.05{\sim}50$ ng/mL of domperidone, showed correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9941. Intra day and inter day precision (C.V. %) for quality control were ranged from 10.04 to 16.09% and from 10.87 to 18.69%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of domperidone was 0.05 ng/mL. The method described is precise and sensitive and has been successfully applied to the study of bioequivalence of domperidone in 24 healthy Korean volunteers. Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received a single dose of each medicine ($2{\times}12.72\;mg$ domperidone maleate) in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of domperidone were monitored for over a period of 24 hr after the administration. $AUC_{0-t}$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were within acceptable range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log\;0.92{\sim}log\;1.05$ for $AUC_{0-t}$, $log\;0.81{\sim}log\;1.05$ for $C_{max}$). The major parameters, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence indicating that $Toriem^{(R)}$ tablet is bioequivalent to Motilium-$M^{(R)}$ tablet.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.303-308
• /
• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two talniflumate tablets, SOMALGEN tablet (Kun Wha Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and FLUTAL tablet (Kukje Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received two tablets at the talniflumate dose of 740 mg in a $2{\pm}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of niflumic acid were monitored by an HPLC-UV for over a period of 14 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$(the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 14 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$(maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$(time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$, ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for SOMALGEN/FLUTAL were $log0.8510{\sim}log1.0318$ and $log0.9264{\sim}log1.0607$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log0.80{\sim}log1.25$. Taken together, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of SOMALGEN and FLUTAL with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.131-136
• /
• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two losartan tablets, $Cozaar^{TM}$ tablet (MSD Korea. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and $Losartan^{TM}$ tablet (DaeWon Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received two tablets at the losartan kalium dose of 100 mg in a $2\;{\time}\;2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of losartan were monitored by an LC-MS/MS for over a period of 12 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 12 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Cozaar^{TM}/Losartan^{TM}$ were $log\;0.97{\sim}log\;1.12\;and\;log\;0.93{\sim}log\;1.23$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log\;0.80{\sim}log\;1.25$. Taken together, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Cozaar^{TM}$ and $Losartan^TM$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.191-196
• /
• 2011

In this study simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method using a commercially available column, was developed and validated for the determination of zolpidem tartrate in human plasma. The developed method with suitable validation was applied to a bioequivalence study of two different kinds of zolpidem tartrate. Two different formulations containing 10 mg of zolpidem tartate (CAS : 99294-93-6) were compared in 24 healthy male volunteers in order to compare the bioavailability and prove the bioequivalence. The study was performed in an open, single dose randomized, 2-sequence, cross-over design in 24 healthy male volunteers with a one-week washout period. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic profiling were drawn at selected times during 12 h. The mean $AUC_{0-12h}$, $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$ and $T_{1/2}$ were $676.6{\pm}223.4$ $ng{\cdot}h{\cdot}mL^{-1}$, $177.4{\pm}34.2$ $ng{\cdot}mL^{-1}$, and $0.8{\pm}0.4$ and $3.5{\pm}2.1$, respectively, for the test formulations, and $640.7{\pm}186.6$ $ng{\cdot}h{\cdot}mL^{-1}$, $193.0{\pm}64.5$ $ng{\cdot}mL^{-1}$, and $0.9{\pm}0.4$ and $2.7{\pm}0.9$, respectively, for the reference formulation. Both primary target parameters $AUC_{0-12h}$ and $C_{max}$ were log-transformed and tested parametrically by analysis of variance (ANOVA). 90% confidence intervals of $AUC_{0-12h}$ and $C_{max}$ were in the range of acceptable limits of bioequivalence (80-125%). Based on these results, the two formulations of zolpidem tartate are considered to be bioequivalent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.269-275
• /
• 2008

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two levofloxacin tablets, Jeil $Cravit^{TM}$ tablet (Jeil Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea, reference drug) and $Lesacin^{TM}$ tablet (Ilhwa. Co., Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received two tablets containing levofloxacin 200 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of levofloxacin were monitored for over a period of 24 hr after administration by using a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 hr ($AUC_t$), maximum plasma drug concentration ($C_{max}$) and time to reach $C_{max}\;(T_{max})$ were complied from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Lesacin^{TM}$/Jeil $Cravit^{TM}$ were $\log\;0.9527{\sim}\log\;0.9981$ and $\log\;0.8712{\sim}\log\;1.0556$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $\log\;0.80{\sim}\log\;1.25$, recommended by KFDA. In all of these results, we concluded that $Lesacin^{TM}$ tablet was bioequivalent to Jeil $Cravit^{TM}$ tablet, in terms of rate and extent of absorption.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.101-106
• /
• 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two talniflumate preparations. We used Somalgen tablet (Kun Wha Pharmaceutical Co., Korea.) as a reference drug for bioequivalence of Crimain tablet (Samjini Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Korea), and performed this whole study according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male volunteers, $22.8{\pm}2.2$ years in age and $64.6{\pm}5.3\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 370 mg of talniflumate was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of talniflumate in plasma were determined using HPLC method with UV-detector. The analysis system was validated in specificity, accuracy, precision and linearity. These items of the analysis condition in this study conform to the guideline of KFDA. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ were calculated using the analysis condition we established and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and Cmax. $Mean{\pm}SD$ of reference drug and test drug in $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ value were $1.27{\pm}0.58\;({\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr)\;and\;0.27{\pm}0.13\;({\mu}g/ml)$ and $1.14{\pm}0.46\;({\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr)\;and\;0.26{\pm}0.10\;({\mu}g/ml)$ respectively. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log (1.25) for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively. These results indicate that Samjin talniflumate tablet is bioequivalent to reference drug, Somalgen tablet.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two pioglitazone HCl tablets, $Actos^{TM}$, tablets (Lilly Korea. Ltd., Korea) as a reference drug and $Piros^{TM}$, tablets (Reyon Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea) as test drug, according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received one tablet containing pioglitazone HCl 15 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of pioglitazone were monitored for over a period of 36 hr after administration by using a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 36 hr ($AUC_{0-36hr}$), maximum plasma drug concentration ($C_{max}$) and time to reach $C_{max}$ ($T_{max}$) were complied from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{0-36hr}$ and $C_{max}$. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_{0-36hr}$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Piros^{TM}$/$Actos^{TM}$. were log 0.8753-log 1.1286 and log 0.8669-log 1.1734, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80-log 1.25, recommended by KFDA. In all of these results, we concluded that the $Piros^{TM}$. tablet was bioequivalent to the $Actos^{TM}$. tablet, based on the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two nateglinide tablets, $PASTIC^{(R)}$ tablet (ILDONG Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and $GLUNATE^{(R)}$ tablet (ILHWA. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Thirty-five healthy male volunteers, $23.1{\pm}2.3$ years in age and $69.2{\pm}8.8\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a tablet containing 90 mg of nateglinide was orally administrated, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals over a period of 8 hr and concentrations of nateglinide in plasma were monitored using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUCt (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 8 hr), $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $TC_{max}$ (time to reach $CC_{max}$) were calculated and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $GLUNATE^{(R)}/PASTIC^{(R)}$ were ${\log}1.0782{\sim}{\log}1.1626$ and ${\log}0.9621{\sim}{\log}1.1679$, respectively. Since these values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of ${\log}0.80{\sim}{\log}1.25$, recommended by KFDA, it was concluded that $GLUNATER^{(R)}$ tablet was bioequivalent to $PASTIC^{(R)}$ tablet, in terms of both rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.457-463
• /
• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of meloxicam capsule, $Mobic^{TM}$ capsule( Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd., Korea) as a reference drug and $Meloxifen^{TM}$ capsule (Kukje Pharma Ind. Co., Ltd., Korea) as a test drug, according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). Thirty two healthy male Korean volunteers received capsule containing meloxicam 7.5 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week above washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were monitored for over a period of 72 hr after administration by using a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS). $AUC_t$(the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 72 hr), $C_{max}$(maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$(time to reach $C_{max}$) were complied from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Meloxifen^{TM}/Mobic^{TM}$ were log 0.8605-log 0.9847 and log 0.9765-log 1.1503, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80-log 1.25, recommended by KFDA. In all of these results, we concluded that $Meloxifen^{TM}$ capsule was bioequivalent to $Mobic^{TM}$ capsule, based on the rate and extent of absorption.