• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2010

Bear bile has been used as a therapeutic for cerebral and coronary thrombosis, convulsion, hepatitis, jaundice, and abscess in traditional oriental medicine. In recent decades, the effects of bile acids on cancer, cholestasis, and liver injury have been investigated in many studies. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of whole bear bile (WBB) and its two major components, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), on rectal inflammation in rats. Bile acids in WBB were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC. Rectal inflammation was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by insertion of croton oil-saturated cotton tips. WBB, UDCA or CDCA solution was orally administered to rats one hour after induction of rectal inflammation. Rats were sacrificed 4 or 24 hours after induction of rectal inflammation. The evaluation included measurement of weight and thickness of rectum and histopathologic examination of rectal tissue. Furthermore, we examined the inhibitory effect of WBB, UDCA or CDCA against NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The contents of UDCA and CDCA in WBB were $39.26{\mu}g/mg$ and $47.11{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. WBB treatment significantly reduced the weight and thickness of rectum compared with UDCA or CDCA treatment. The inhibition of NO production by WBB, UDCA and CDCA in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was much higher than that by the control. And, WBB treatment suppressed the induction of NO synthase in rectum homogenates. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of WBB is related to the suppression of NO synthase induction and the inhibition of NO production by UDCA, CDCA and other bile acids of WBB.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.872-877
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• 1997

Soybean curd whey(SCW) containing plenty of nutrients is the discarded by-product in soybean curd processing. To test the potential utilization of SCW as a medium for the cultivation of Lactobacilus acidophilus, the chemical composition of SCW, as well as the growth, acid production, acid-tolerance, and bile-tolerance of L. acidophilus in SCW-based media were investigated. Sucrose and stachyose, the main free sugars of SCW, were 0.42% and 0.41%, respectively. SCW contained 36.1mg/L of total free amino acids. L. acidophilus KFRI 150 showed lower cell growth and acid production in SCW than those in MRS broth. In optimized SCW-based medium supplemented with 1.0% glucose, 0.5% yeast extract, and 0.2% $K_{2}HPO_{4}$, the growth and acid production of L. acidophilus KFRI 150 increased by twice against those in SCW. In optimized SCW-based medium, the viable counts of four L. acidophilus strains were mostly at the level of $10^{9}$/ml, which is similar to those in MRS broth. Each acid-tolerance and biletolerance of four L. acidophilus strains cultured in optimized SCW-based medium and MRS broth showed no dist-inguishable difference.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1505-1512
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• 2005

Bile salt deconjugation is the most biologically significant reaction among the bacterial alterations of bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract of human and animal. The responsible enzyme, bile salt hydrolase (BSH), catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycineand/or taurine-conjugated bile salts into amino acid residues and deconjugated bile acids. Herein we review current knowledge on the distribution of BSH activity among various microorganisms with respect to their biochemical and molecular characteristics. The proposed physiological impact of BSH activity on the host animal as well as on the BSH-producing bacterial cells is discussed. BSH activity of the probiotic strains is examined on the basis of BSH hypothesis, which was proposed to explain cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics. Finally, the potential applications of BSH research are briefly discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.403-407
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• 2007

Several marine. bacterial strains, which were isolated from seawater off the island Dokdo, Korea, were screened to find new bioactive compounds such as antibiotics. Among them, Donghaeana dokdonensis strain DSW-6 was found to produce antibacterial agents, and the agents were then purified and analyzed by LC-MS/MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectrometries. The bioactive compounds were successfully identified as cholic acid and glycine-conjugated glycocholic acid, the $7{\alpha}$-dehydroxylated derivatives (deoxycholic acid and glycodeoxycholic acid) of which were also detected in relatively small amounts. Other marine isolates, taxonomically different from DSW-6, were also able to produce the compounds in a quite different production ratio from DSW-6. As far as we are aware of, these bile acids are produced by specific members of the genus Streptomyces and Myroides, and thought to be general secondary metabolites produced by a variety of bacterial taxa that are widely distributed in the sea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2016

This study was conducted for the production of water-soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from buckwheat hulls by using Celluclast or Viscozyme. The functionality of this SDF, including antioxidant activity, glucose- and bile acid-retardation effects in vitro, was measured. SDF yields from cellulose and hemicellulose fractions were 60.5 and 123.7 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Analysis of molecular weight distribution of SDF by using gel chromatography showed that SDF degradation increased with increase in reaction time. The antioxidant activity of SDF obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis was higher than that of dietary fiber without enzyme treatment. SDF showed higher retardation effects on glucose and bile acid than the sample without dietary fiber did. The results of this study suggested that SDF produced from buckwheat hull by enzymatic hydrolysis is a good source of functional food material because of its high antioxidant activity and glucose- and bile acid-retardation effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.726-731
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• 2003

The aim of this research was to identify candidate probiotic lactic bacteria among indigenous dadih lactic isolates. Dadih is an Indonesian traditional fermented milk of West Sumatra which is fermented naturally. Viability of the strain is critical in determining the capacity of lactic bacteria to induce immune stimulation as well as to colonize in the intestinal tract. Therefore, LAB are proposed to exert health promoting or probiotic effects in human, such as inhibition of pathogenic microflora, antimutagenic, and the reduction of cholesterol levels. This manuscript reports in vitro probiotic properties of indigenous dadih lactic bacteria, especially some important colonization factors in GI tract, such as lysozyme, acid and bile tolerance. Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH) activity, spectrum of bacteriocin, and antimutagenic activity of bacterial cells were also assessed. Twenty dadih lactic isolates were screened further for their tolerance to low pH, at pH 2 and 3 as well as their bile tolerance. There were ten isolates classified as acid and bile acid tolerant, and further screened for lysozyme tolerance, BSH activity. The spectrum of bacteriocin activity of isolates was assayed using cell-free neutralized supernatants by agar spot test against variety of pathogens. Lc. lactis subsp. lactis IS-10285, IS-7386, IS-16183, IS-11857 and IS-29862, L. brevis IS-27560, IS-26958 and IS-23427, Leu.mesen.mesenteroides IS-27526, and L. casei IS-7257 each has good survival rate at low pH values and in the presence of lysozyme, and short lag time in the presence of 0.3 % oxgall. Lc. lactis subsp. lactis IS-11857 and IS-29862 each has high BHS activity, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis IS-10285 and IS-16183 each had a positive spectrum of bacteriocin activity against E. coli 3301 and Lysteria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, while L. brevis IS-26958 has high BHS activity as well as positive spectrum of bacteriocin against E. coli 3301, Lysteria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, and S. aureus IFO 3060. All of the ten dadih lactic strains performed in vitro acid and bile tolerance, indicating a possibility to reach the intestine alive, and display probiotic activities.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2006

We investigated the effects of fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin on the profiles of cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and fecal bile acids in rats. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley male rats weighing about 190 g were randomly divided among four treatments; control diet, control diet +6%(w/w) fructooligosaccharide (POS), control diet +6% chicory inulin oligosaccharide(CIOS), and control diet +6% chicory inulin(CI). The rats were pair-fed and experimental diets were maintained for 5 weeks. Cecal and fecal pH was significantly decreased in rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin. Cecal propionate was significantly elevated in rats fed CIOS diets, and butyrate was lower in rats fed FOS and CI than control values. Cecal lactate was significantly higher in the FOS group than in the control group. The fecal excretions of acetate and total SCFA were 200-300% higher in rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin than in the control group. Lactate excretion was highest in rats that were fed FOS, followed by those fed CIOS and CI. The cholic acid and total bile acid concentrations in feces were significantly lower in the rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin. The deoxycholic acid concentrations in wet feces were significantly lower in the groups of rats that ate CIOS (0.186 mM), FOS (0.274 mM), and CI (0.362 mM) than in the control group (0.595 mM). Among the fructans, short-chain fructooligosaccharide was more effective at decreasing colonic pH and lactate production, but medium-chain chicory inulin oligosaccharide was more effective at increasing fecal butyrate and lowering the fecal secondary bile acid concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1680-1685
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• 2003

Antimutagenicity of milk cultured with lactic acid bacteria isolated from dadih on the mutagenicity of heated salty and sweet tauco was examined using streptomycin dependent (SD) 510 strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 as a tester culture. Cultured milk samples exhibited widely antimutagenic activity against mutagenic heated salty and sweet tauco. Lc. lactis subsp. lactis R-22, Lc. lactis subsp. casei R-35, Lc. lactis subsp. casei R-52 and E. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens R-55 exhibited no inhibitory effect on the mutagenic heated salty tauco. Mutagenicity of heated sweet tauco was inhibited by cultured milks stronger than that of heated salty tauco. Milk cultured with Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris R-48, Leuc. mesentroides R-51 and Lc. lactis subsp. casei R-68 showed high inhibition against the mutagenicity of both heated salty and sweet taucos. Antimutagenic activity of the cultured milks against mutagenic heated tauco was attributed to the bacterial cells. Among the three strains which showed high antimutagenicity, only Leuc. mesentroides R-51 was tolerant to both acid and bile; so this strain can be used as probiotic in preventing the occurrence of mutagenesis caused by mutagenic heated food like tauco.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.385-390
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• 1999

To investigate bile salt hydrolase activities of the bacterial strains isolated from fermented milk products, 21 strains of Lactobacillus were tested for their abilities to produced cholic acid from taurocholic and glycocholic acids. The production of cholic acid was measured by HPLC analysis during the growth in broth media for 24hrs. All strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum deconjugated both taurocholate and glycocholate, whereas none strains of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. casei subsp. casei, L. casei subsp. rhamnosus, L, reuteri did. L. acidophilus stains isolated from yogurts had the higher decojugation activities on glycocholate than taurocholate, however, L. acidophilus 1009 isolated from the human intestine showed the similar deconjugation activities on both taurocholate and glycocholate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1790-1797
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• 2002

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from piglets and chicken and characterized. Lactic acid bacteria showing resistance to low pH and bile, adhesion to intestinal epithelium cells, and the inhibition of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus. L. acidophilus PF01 survived for 2 h in MRS broth adjusted to pH 2. L. acidophilus CF07 was less resistant than L. acidophilus PF01 to pH 2, but survived at pH 2.5 for 2 h. Both of isolates were able to grow in MRS broth containing 0.3% (w/v) bile, with L. acidophilus CF07 being more tolerant to bile than L. acidophilus PF01. L. acidophilus PF01 and CF07 adhered specifically to the duodenal and jejunal epithelium cells of piglet, and the cecal and duodenal epithelium cells of chicken, respectively. Both of isolates did not adhere to the epithelium cells of the various animal intestines from which they were isolated. When L. acidophilus was cultured with E. coli and Salmonella spp. in MRS broth, MRS broth containing 2% skim milk powder or modified tryptic soy broth at $37^{\circ}C$, L. acidophilus PF01 and CF07 inhibited the growths of E. coli K88 and K99, and S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium, respectively. Both of isolates were found to possess the essential characteristics of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for piglet and chicken.