• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.564-569
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• 2016

Objective : This study used the intradural procedural time to assess the overall technical difficulty involved in surgically clipping an unruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm via a pterional or superciliary approach. The clinical and radiological variables affecting the intradural procedural time were investigated, and the intradural procedural time compared between a superciliary keyhole approach and a pterional approach. Methods : During a 5.5-year period, patients with a single MCA aneurysm were enrolled in this retrospective study. The selection criteria for a superciliary keyhole approach included : 1) maximum diameter of the unruptured MCA aneurysm <15 mm, 2) neck diameter of the MCA aneurysm <10 mm, and 3) aneurysm location involving the sphenoidal or horizontal segment of MCA (M1) segment and MCA bifurcation, excluding aneurysms distal to the MCA genu. Meanwhile, the control comparison group included patients with the same selection criteria as for a superciliary approach, yet who preferred a pterional approach to avoid a postoperative facial wound or due to preoperative skin trouble in the supraorbital area. To determine the variables affecting the intradural procedural time, a multiple regression analysis was performed using such data as the patient age and gender, maximum aneurysm diameter, aneurysm neck diameter, and length of the pre-aneurysm M1 segment. In addition, the intradural procedural times were compared between the superciliary and pterional patient groups, along with the other variables. Results : A total of 160 patients underwent a superciliary (n=124) or pterional (n=36) approach for an unruptured MCA aneurysm. In the multiple regression analysis, an increase in the diameter of the aneurysm neck (p<0.001) was identified as a statistically significant factor increasing the intradural procedural time. A Pearson correlation analysis also showed a positive correlation (r=0.340) between the neck diameter and the intradural procedural time. When comparing the superciliary and pterional groups, no statistically significant between-group difference was found in terms of the intradural procedural time reflecting the technical difficulty (mean${\pm}$standard deviation : $29.8{\pm}13.0min$ versus $27.7{\pm}9.6min$). Conclusion : A superciliary keyhole approach can be a useful alternative to a pterional approach for an unruptured MCA aneurysm with a maximum diameter <15 mm and neck diameter <10 mm, representing no more of a technical challenge. For both surgical approaches, the technical difficulty increases along with the neck diameter of the MCA aneurysm.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.123-130
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• 2019

The advent of the full-fledged Internet of Things era will bring together various types of information through Internet of Things devices, and the vast amount of information collected will be generated as new information by the analysis process. To effectively store this generated information, a flexible and scalable cloud computing system is advantageous. Therefore, the main determinants for effective client system acceptance are viewed as motivator factor (economics, efficiency, etc.) and hindrance factor (transitional costs, security issues, etc.) and the purpose of this study is to determine which detailed factors play a major role in making new system acceptance decisions around harm. The factors required to determine the major priorities are defined as the system acceptance determinants from the technical point of view obtained through the literature review, and the questionnaire is prepared based on the factors derived, and the survey is conducted on the experts concerned. In addition, the AHP analysis aims to achieve a final priority by performing a bifurcation between components for measuring a decision unit. Furthermore, the results of this study will serve as an important basis for making decisions based on acceptance (enabling) of technology.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.224-230
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• 2009

Objective : We aimed to analyze clinical and radiological outcomes retrospectively in patients with basilar apex aneurysms treated by coiling or clipping. Methods : Outcomes of basilar bifurcation aneurysms were assessed retrospectively in 77 consecutive patients (61 women, 16 men), ranging in age from 25 to 79 years (mean, 53.7 years) from 1999 to 2007. Results : Forty-nine patients out of 77 patients (63.6%) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhages of the 49 patients treated with coiling, 27 (55.1 %) showed complete occlusion of the aneurysm sac. Of these, 13 patients (26.5%) developed coil compaction on angiographic or MRI follow-up, with recoiling required in 9 patients (18.4%). Procedural complications of coiling were acute infarction in nine patients and the bleeding of the aneurysms in six patients. The remaining 28 patients underwent microsurgery : twenty-six of these (92.9%) with microsurgery followed up with conventional angiography. Complete occlusion of the aneurysm sac was achieved in 19 patients (73.1%). Operation-related complications of microsurgery were thalamoperforating artery injuries in three patients, retraction venous injury in two, postoperative epidural hemorrhage (EDH) in one, and transient partial or complete occulomotor palsy in 14 patients. Glasgow Outcome Scores (GOS) were 4 or 5 in 21 of 28 (75%) patients treated with microsurgery at discharge, and at 6 month follow-up, 20 of 28 (70.9%) maintained the same GOS. In comparison, GOS of four or 5 was observed in 36 of 49 (73.5%) patients treated with coiling at discharge and at 6 month follow-up, 33 of 49 patients (67.3%) maintained the GOS from discharge. Conclusion : Basilar top aneurysms were still challenging lesions based on our series. Endovascular or microsurgery endowed with its inborn risks and procedural complications for the treatment of basilar apex aneurysms individually. Microsurgery provided better outcome in some specific basilar apex aneurysms. For reaching the most favorable outcome, endovascular modality as well as microsurgery was inevitably considered for each specific basilar apex aneurysm.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.55-66
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to estimate the flood discharge and peak time by the SCS method and the probability method using the geomorpologic parameters obtained from the topographic maps following the law of stream classifying and, ordering by Horton and Strahler. The SCS method and the probability method are used in estimating the times to peak and the flood discharges at An-dong, Im-ha, and Sun-san basins in the Nakdong River system. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The range of the values of the area ratio, the bifurcation ratio and the length ratio agree with those of natural streams presented by Horton and Strahler. 2. Comparisons of the probability method and observed values show that small relative errors of 0-7% of flood discharge, and 0-2hr, difference in time to peak respectivly. But the SCS method shows that large relative errors of 10-40% of flood discharge, and 0-4hr, difference in time to peak. 3. When the rainfall intensity is large, the error of flood discharge estimated by using the probability method is relativly small.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.232-241
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• 2016

Background: Paraplegia is a devastating complication following operations on the thoracoabdominal aorta. We investigated whether histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution could reduce the extent of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) spinal cord injuries in a rat model using a direct delivery method. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four groups. The sham group (n=6) underwent a sham operation, the IR group (n=6) underwent only an aortic occlusion, the saline infusion group (saline group, n=6) underwent an aortic occlusion and direct infusion of cold saline into the occluded aortic segment, and the HTK infusion group (HTK group, n=6) underwent an aortic occlusion and direct infusion of cold HTK solution into the occluded aortic segment. An IR spinal cord injury was induced by transabdominal clamping of the aorta distally to the left renal artery and proximally to the aortic bifurcation for 60 minutes. A neurological evaluation of locomotor function was performed using the modified Tarlov score after 48 hours of reperfusion. The spinal cord was harvested for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: The spinal cord IR model using direct drug delivery in rats was highly reproducible. The Tarlov score was 4.0 in the sham group, $1.17{\pm}0.75$ in the IR group, $1.33{\pm}1.03$ in the saline group, and $2.67{\pm}0.81$ in the HTK group (p=0.04). The histopathological analysis of the HTK group showed reduced neuronal cell death. Conclusion: Direct infusion of cold HTK solution into the occluded aortic segment may reduce the extent of spinal cord injuries in an IR model in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 1999

Recently, social requirements of personal identification techniques are rapidly expanding in a number of new application ares. Especially fingerprint recognition is the most important technology. Fingerprint recognition technologies are well established, proven, cost and legally accepted. Therefore, it has more spot lighted among the any other biometrics technologies. In this paper we propose a new on-line fingerprint recognition algorithm for non-inked type live scanner to fit their increasing of security level under the computing environment. Fingerprint recognition system consists of two distinct structural blocks: feature extraction and feature matching. The main topic in this paper focuses on the feature matching using the fingerprint minutiae (ridge ending and bifurcation). Minutiae matching is composed in the alignment stage and matching stage. Success of optimizing the alignment stage is the key of real-time (on-line) fingerprint recognition. Proposed alignment algorithm using clique shows the strength in the search space optimization and partially incomplete image. We make our own database to get the generality. Using the traditional statistical discriminant analysis, 0.05% false acceptance rate (FAR) at 8.83% false rejection rate (FRR) in 1.55 second average matching speed on a Pentium system have been achieved. This makes it possible to construct high performance fingerprint recognition system.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare radiation dose and image quality between low-dose (LDP) and standard-dose protocol (SDP). LDP (120 kVp, 30 mAs, 2-mm thickness) and SDP (120 kVp, 180 mAs, 1.2-mm thickness) images obtained from 61 subjects were retrospectively evaluated at level of carina bifurcation, using multi-detector CT (Brilliance 16, Philips Medical Systems). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated at ascending aorta and infraspinatus muscle, from CT number and back-ground noise. Radiation dose from two protocols measured at 5-point using acrylic-phantom, and CT number and noise measured at 4-point using water-phantom. All statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 19.0 program. LDP images showed significantly more noise and a significantly lower SNR and CNR than did SDP images at ascending aorta and infraspinatus muscle. Noise, SNR and CNR were significantly correlated with body mass index (p<0.001). Radiation dose, SNR and CNR from phantom were significant differences between two protocols. LDP showed a significant reduction of radiation dose with a significant change in SNR and CNR compared with SDP. Therefore, exposure dose on LDP in clinical applications needs resetting highly more considering image quality.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to understand the dietary life of North Koreans through the examination of dietary life terms assembled and classified from the North Korean sources. In order to ascertain any contrasting aspects and also to improve the degree of understanding, the comparable terms from the South Korean sources were also assembled and classified accordingly. The North Korean sources were the two dictionaries and the two Web sites related with the dietary life in North Korea and those of the South Korean sources were the middle school Home Economics textbooks in South Korea. The major findings of this study on the dietary life terms of North Korea were as follows: 1) The majority of the classified dietary life terms was from the food sector; 2) There were terms which were indicative of the food supply situation in North Korea; 3) The terms related to the corn as the primary crop for the North's food production policy occupied relatively a large proportion of the assembled terms; 4) Chinese-and foreign-origin terms seemingly modified through the North's word purification project were found in the various different categories; 5) Some terms were difficult to understand without special interpretation; 6) There were terms related to the agriculture which were obsolete in the South; and 7) In the South's Home Economics textbooks there were a number of the dietary life policy terms of South Korea and foreign-origin terms. It is hopeful that this study may contribute to the mutual understanding in the field of the dietary life for the South and North Korean youths in spite of the language bifurcation due to the South-North separation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.257-257
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• 2019

최근 기후변화에 따른 대응을 위해 기존 수자원 활용의 고도화 및 배수능력 증대를 위해 다양한 방안이 추진되고 있으며, 그에 따라 기존 개수로에 신규 수로를 연결하여 합류와 분류를 시키는 사례가 증가하고 있다. 특히 신규 개수로 연결을 위한 분류부 형상은 관련 설계기준, 분류유량의 규모, 해당 지점의 하상변동 경향, 지형여건, 흐름 분류시설 및 구조물의 형태(양수펌프장, 스크린이나 수문, 암거설치)와 같은 구조적 요인 등에 의해 달라지지만, 이와 관련된 연구가 매우 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2차원 수치모형을 이용하여 분류부 평면형상 변화에 따른 분류유량비와 흐름분리구역 분포 등에 대한 흐름특성을 분석하고 이수와 치수계획 수립 등에 활용하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 TELEMAC-2D 모형을 이용하여 주수로 상류 유입흐름의 프루우드 수가 0.74, 0.52인 두 흐름에 대해 형상변화 폭을 주수로 폭(B)의 1B, 주수로 형상변화를 급확대, 점진적 확대 구간길이를 1B~3B로 변화시키며 분류유량비(분류수로 유입유량/상류 유입유량)와 흐름분리구역의 위치와 크기 등에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 분류부 상류 유입흐름의 프루우드 수가 0.74, 분류유량비는 0.33인 흐름은 주수로 형상변화 구간길이가 1B 일 때 0.44~0.46, 3B일 때 0.54~0.60으로 점차 분류유량비가 증가한다. 반면 상류 유입흐름의 프루우드수가 0.52, 분류유량비가 0.52인 흐름은 주수로 형상변화 구간길이가 1B일 때 0.77~0.82에서 3B일 때 0.70~0.80으로 점차 분류유량비 증가율이 감소하는 경향을 나타내게 된다. 주수로 형상변화 폭을 0.5B, 1B로 달리하여 수로 형상변화를 시킨 경우 분류유량비 증가율은 각각 135~162%, 134~176%로 나타났으며, 이는 수로 형상변화 폭보다 변화구간 길이가 더 큰 분류유량비 변화에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 흐름분리구역은 상류 유입흐름의 프루우드 수가 0.74인 경우 수로형상 변화구간과 분류수로 입구에 형성되지만, 상류유입흐름의 프루우드 수가 0.52인 경우 수로형상변화 구간과 주수로 하류에도 형성된다. 수치실험 결과 동일수로 폭 직사각형 $90^{\circ}$ 분류수로에서 분류부 평면형상의 변화에 따라 주수로 하류방향흐름의 관성력은 감소하는 반면 분류수로로 향하는 횡압력경사와 흐름분리구역 발생위치 변화로 인해 분류 수로내 통수능이 증가하여 분류유량비가 급격하게 증가하게 된다. 또한 분류부 상류 유입흐름의 관성력이 작은 경우 분류부 평면형상 변화시 주수로 하류방향에서도 흐름분리구역이 형성되고 주수로 종방향 수위가 상승함에 따라 분류흐름 계획수립 시 세심한 주의가 필요하다.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.465-491
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the short animation film which faithfully follows the external dimension of cartoons, and studies the hidden subject and the way of narrative in the back of the figure. In this process, we analyze the theme of using the analysis method of mosaic image. The narrative of cartoons is usually the majority in discussing the differences in the aspectual part. However, this animation uses cartoons to reach the linear narrative of ordinary narrative movies. As Janet Murray explains, if a 'mosaic image' approaches a theme through a mosaic approach, we can limit the 'mosaic film' that are introduced in the film format among them. First of all, conceptually uses the characteristics of 'mosaic image', at the same time, it utilizes a work utilizing the narrative features of 'mosaic film'. By analyzing this animation film by bifurcation, the first half reveals the characteristics of open-minded mosaic video platform, and the second half introduces the linear narrative method of film narrative. This paper divides the narrative method of 'multi plot Film' into three types: mosaic narrative film, network narrative film, and multi-draft film. Thus, we can analyze the ending of as a narrative method of 'network narrative film' which is composed of parallel or juxtaposed stories. In other words, if the early part of the animation follows the 'mosaic narrative' as an 'extension of ensemble film', the latter part faithfully follows 'network narrative'. Even in the way of talking about the subject, this animated film uses the way of speaking the mosaic image. Considering the aspectual tendency of cartoons, it can be said that this film derives the meaning of 'humor' or 'satire' in an open way. If the first half refers to 'the ambiguous routine of modern man', the latter half draws a profound theme called 'the reality of human selfishness in modern society'. is a film for a wide range of social criticism designed for adults who can interpret meaning.