• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.135-144
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• 2007

The dried barks of Maackia amurensis were ground, extracted with 95% EtOH, concentrated, and fractionated with a series of light petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water on a separatory funnel. Each fraction was concentrated, then a portion of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate soluble was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel 60 column using a various solvent system as eluents. The isolated compounds were identified by cellulose TLC, $^1H-$, $^{13}C-NMR$, COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC, FAB and EI-MS. The structures were determined as: 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 7-O-$\beta$-glucopyranosyl(1'''->6'')-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl(1''''->6''')-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl(1'''->6'')-$\beta$-D-glucopyransoyl-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4', 6-dimethoxyisoflavone. The Free radical scavenging activity using DPPH of the isolated compounds were similar with that of BHT but lower than of $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.629-632
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• 2001

The strain FJ1 isolated from a rotten wood showed high activity to hydrolysis of cellulosic materials. The strain produced largely enzymes related in hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, such as CMCase, xylanase, ${\beta}-glucosidase$ , and avicelase. The culture conditions(pH, temperature, inoculation concentration) and substrate specificity to various cellulosic materials were examined to elevate productivity of the enzymes. The enzyme activities of CMCase and xylanase were 13.5U/ml and 24.3U/ml in agitation culture using Mandel's medium, respectively. The high activity of the enzymes was earned when mixed cellulosic materials of rice straw, sawdust, and pulp as substrates, indicating that the strain FJ1 could use crystalline substrates.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1994

The xylanase from alkali-tolerant Bacillus sp. YA-14 was purified to homogeneity by CM-cellulose, Sephadex G-50, and hydroxyapatite column chromatographies. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 20, 000 Da by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme slightly hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose and Avicel, but did not hydrolyze soluble starch, dextran, pullulan, and ${\rho}-nitrophenyl-{\beta}$-D-xylopyranoside. The maximum degree of hydrolysis by enzyme for birchwood xylan and oat spelts xylan were 47 and 40%, respectively. The Michaelis constants for birchwood xylan and oat spelts xylan were calculated to be 3.03 mg/ml and 5.0 mg/ml, respectively. The activity of the xylanase was inhibited reversibly by $HgCl_2$, and showed competitive inhibition by N-bromosuccinimide, which probably indicates the involvement of tryptophan residue in the active center of the enzyme. The Xylanase was identified to be xylose-producing endo-type xylanase and did not show the enzymatic activities which cleave the branch point of the xylan structure.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.938-945
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• 2005

For elucidating excessive growth of biofilm that subsequently leads to the clogging problem in a small town's sewer lines of Wisconsin, the FISH method was employed. At the beginning of the simulated experiments, ${\beta}$-subclass proteobacteria prevailed in runs fed with industrial wastewater, while ${\gamma}$-subclass proteobacteria dominated in runs with domestic wastewater. However, the bacterial community structure changed significantly over six weeks; Cytophaga-Flavobacterium (CF)­group bacteria dominated in most runs fed with the small town's wastewater regardless of their source, while CF-group decreased strongly in run fed with domestic sewage from another city (Madison). It was also microscopically confirmed that most of those clogging materials was toilet tissue, which in turn may lead to vigorous growth of cellulose-degrading CF-group bacteria. This dominant presence of CF-group bacteria in the small town's sewer indicates that the main constituent of biofilm, toilet tissue (cellulose) in sewage, might have induced the unique pattern of their microbial community structure. Therefore, it suggests that molecular technique is useful for monitoring the clogging problems in sewer lines.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 1994

Cotton fabrics were treated with the cellulase which is an enzyme to decompose cellulose and its actional mechanism is known. The optimum condition of the cellulase to the cotton fabrics and the weight losses, tensile strengths of the treated cotton fabrics were also obtained. The cellulase performs a specific catalytic action on the ${\beta}-1$, 4-glucosidic bonds of the cellulose molecules and hydrolyzes them. For that reason, the negative surface charges of the cotton fabrics were increased by additional generation. of hyrdoxyl groups. The increased surface charges cause the decrease of dye adsorption by inhibiting the approach of the anions of direct dyes. But, it was overcome by the use of enough amount of salt, it means that sodium ions of the salt neutralize the almost all of negative charges of the cotton fabrics. The improvement of the water absorbency is also due to the increased hydroxyl groups In addition, their handles including the mechanical properties were measured and caculated by KES system which is a measuring apparatus that numerizes and objectificates human's feeling, especially touch. As the results, we knew that KOSH(stiffness) and FUKURAMI(fulness & softness) were decreased and that NUMERI(smoothness) was increased.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2013

Wet-spun silk fibers have attracted the attention of many researchers because of 1) the unique properties of silk as a biomaterial, including good biocompatibility and cyto-compatability and 2) the various methods available to control the structure and properties of the fiber. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have typically been used as a reinforcing material for natural and synthetic polymers. In this study, CNF-embedded silk fibroin (SF) nanocomposite fibers were prepared for the first time. The effects of CNF content on the rheology of the dope solution and the characteristics of wet-spun CNF/SF composite fibers were also examined. A 5% SF formic acid solution that contained no CNFs showed nearly Newtonian fluid behavior, with slight shear thinning. However, after the addition of 1% CNFs, the viscosity of the dope solution increased significantly, and apparent shear thinning was observed. The maximum draw ratio of the CNF/SF composite fibers decreased as the CNF content increased. Interestingly, the crystallinity index for the silk in the CNF/SF fibers was sequentially reduced as the CNF content was increased. This phenomenon may be due to the fact that the CNFs prevent ${\beta}$-sheet crystallization of the SF by elimination of formic acid from the dope solution during the coagulation process. The CNF/SF composite fibers displayed a relatively smooth surface with stripes, at low magnification (${\times}500$). However, a rugged nanoscale surface was observed at high magnification (${\times}10,000$), and the surface roughness increased with the CNF content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1132-1138
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• 2006

Three types of xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) were detected in the strain Aspergillus niger A-25, one of which, designated as XynIII, also displayed ${\beta}-(l,3-1,4)-glucanase$ (EC 3.2.1.73) activity, as determined by a zymogram analysis. XynIII was purified by ultrafiltration and ion-exchange chromatography methods. Its apparent molecular weight was about 27.9 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The purified XynIII could hydrolyze birchwood xylan, oat spelt xylan, lichenin, and barley ${\beta}-glucan$, but not CMC, avicel cellulose, or soluble starch under the assay conditions in this study. The xylanase and ${\beta}-(l,3-1,4)-glucanase$ activities of XynIII both had a similar optimal pH and pH stability, as well as a similar optimal temperature and temperature stability. Moreover, the effects of metal ions on the two enzymatic activities were also similar. The overall hydrolytic rates of XynIII in different mixtures of xylan and lichenin coincided with those calculated using the Michaelis-Menten model when assuming the two substrates were competing for the same active site in the enzyme. Accordingly, the results indicated that XynIII is a novel bifunctional enzyme and its xylanase and ${\beta}-(l,3-1,4)-glucanase$ activities are catalyzed by the same active center.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.951-959
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• 2009

Most, if not all, Basidiomycetes mushrooms have biologically active polysaccharides showing potent antitumor activity with immunomodulating properties. These polysaccharides have various chemical compositions and belong primarily to the $\beta$-glucan group. In this study, the crude water-soluble polysaccharide HEF-P, which was obtained from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatographies. This process resulted in four polysaccharide fractions, named HEF-NP Fr I, HEF-NP Fr II, HEF-AP Fr I, and HEF-AP Fr II. Of these fractions, HEF-AP Fr II was able to upregulate the functional events mediated by activated macrophages, such as production of nitric oxide and expression ofcytokines (IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$). The molecular mass of HEF-AP Fr II was estimated by gel filtration to be 13 kDa. Its structural characteristics were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analyses, including methylation, reductive cleavage, acetylation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicate that HEF-AP Fr II is a low-molecular-mass polysaccharide with a laminarin-like triple helix conformation of a ${\beta}$-1,3-branched-${\beta}$-1,6-glucan.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.449-452
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• 2002

A filamentous microorganism was isolated from completely rotten wood for the production of cellulolytic enzyme. The Trichoderma sp. FJ1 produced a large amount of cellulolytic enzymes, such as CMC, xylanase, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, and avicelase. For the production of the enzymes, when cellulolsic wastes were used as carbon sources of strain FJ1, rice straw showed higher enzyme activities than sawdust and pulp. The activities of CMC, xylanase, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, and avicelase were 2.95, 5.89, 0.45, and 0.12 U/ml in use of rice straw, respectively. To enhance production of the enzymes, the mixture substrate of rice straw and commercial cellulosic materials was investigated as carbon sources. The highest activities of CMCase, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, and avicelase were found in the mixture of rice straw and avicel, particularly rice straw:avicel (50:50), and the highest xylanase was obtained in the mixture ratio of 71:29. Bacto peptone addition of 0.1% showed enhanced production of the cellulolytic enzymes in which the activities of CMCase, xylanase ${\beta}-glucosidase$, and avicelase were 19.23, 27.18, 1.28, and 0.53 U/ml, respectively. The production of the enzymes using rice straw was efficiently induced in present of avicel and pulp containing high content of cellulose. Consequently, the filamentous microorganism, strain FJ1 utilized various cellulosic wastes as carbon sources and cellulases productivities were excellent compared to those of others strains reported previously, suggesting that the strain FJ1 will be expected as a favorable candidate for biological saccharification of cellulosic wastes in further.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1985

한국(韓國), 대만(臺灣), 일본(日本)에서 사육(飼育)하고 있는 꽃사슴(Cervus nippon) 129두(頭)와 물사슴(Cervus unicolor) 7두(頭)에서 hemoglobin, transferrin, albumin carbonic anhydrase, slow-${\alpha}_2$ 및 amylase형(型)을 전기영동(電氣泳動)에 의(依)하여 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. cellulose acetate에 의(依)한 전기영동(電氣泳動)이 starch gel에 의(依)한 전기영동(電氣泳動)보다 hemoglobin형(型) 분리(分離)에 있어서 더 간편하며 시간이 적게 걸리고, 선명(鮮明)할 뿐만 아니라 영구보존(永久保存)이 가능(可能)하다. 2. 꽃사슴의 hemoglobin형(型)은 $Hb^F$, $Hb^{FS}$, $Hb^S$형(型)으로 분리(分離)되었으나 물사슴에 있어서는 전부(全部) $Hb^F$형(型)으로 나타났다. 3. hemoglobin ${\beta}$ chain은 4가지형(型) 즉 ${\beta}$-1, ${\beta}$-2, ${\beta}$-3 및 ${\beta}$-4로 분리(分離)되었다. 4. hemoglobin ${\alpha}$ chain은 ${\alpha}_1$과 ${\alpha}_1{\alpha}_2$형(型)으로 분리(分離)되었다. 5. slow-${\alpha}_2$형(型)은 A형(型)과 AB형(型)으로 분리(分離)되었으며, 꽃사슴에 있어서는 AB형(型)이 12% 출현(出現)하였으나 물사슴에서는 전부(全部) A형(型)으로 AB형(型)은 없었다. 6. albumin형(型)에서는 F형(型)과 S형(型)으로 분리(分離)되었으며 꽃사슴은 전부(全部) F형(型)이였고, 물사슴은 전부(全部) S형(型)이였다. 7. transferrin형(型), carbonic anhydrase형(型) 및 amylase형(型)은 전부(全部) 각각(各各) 1종류(種類)의 형(型)이였다.