• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.560-565
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• 1993

This study was conducted to obtain basic information for breeding materials on the oil quality improvement of perilla seeds. Oil contents and omega(${\omega}$)fatty acid compositions of seeds were investigated to 317 varieties of domestic perillas. Oil contents of 317 perilla varieties ranged from 35.6 to 55.3 with 44.5% of varietal mean. The major omega fatty acids contained in the oil were oleic acid(${\omega}$-9) 15.2%, linoleic acid(${\omega}$-36) 13.9% and linolenic acid(${\omega}$-3) 63.1% in the mean value. Varietal variation of $\omega$-9, 6 and 3 fatty acids ranged of 9.5～21.4%, 9.1～20.4% and 50.6～70.5% respectively. Unsaturated fatty acid were averaged 92.2% of seed oil in fatty acid composition. The ratios of ${\omega}$-6 to ${\omega}$-3 ranged of 0.13～0.34%(0.22% in mean value). The highest linolenic acid variety was Yecheonjong being 70.5%. The lowest variety in rations of ${\omega}$-6 to ${\omega}$-3 was Goseongjong being 0.13%. Oil content showed positive correlation with stearic acid and linolenic acid, while the negative correlation with oil content and linoleic acid. On the other hand, A significant negative correlation were showed between lionolenic acid and the ratios ${\omega}$-6 / ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid, saturated fatty acid. Saturated fatty acid was highly correlated with unsaturated fatty acid negatively being r=-0.723$^{**}$

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.356-370
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• 2008

This study was conducted for screening on antioxidant activity of 429 plants and selecting new potential antioxidant candidates. In vitro test models such as scavenging activity on DPPH radical and inhibitory activity on linoleic acid oxidation were used in the preliminary study. Flower of Sanguisorba officinalis, flower of Sedum kamtschaticum, flower of Rumex obtusifolius, and root of Sedum kamtschaticum showed very effective antioxidant activity on DPPH radical and linoleic acid oxidation. Those plants showed 8.1, 9.4, 9.9, $11{\mu}g/ml$ in DPPH radical scavenging activity as $SC_{50}$ and did 80.4, 80.1, 84.5, 88.0% in inhibition activity on linoleic acid oxidation, respectively. Root of Sedum middendorfianum M. showed positive effects in superoxide radical scavenging activity ($38.4{\mu}g/ml$) and inhibitory effect on $CuSO_4$-induced LDL oxidation (53.8% at final concentration of $1{\mu}g/ml$). Gleditsia japonica Mig. showed high antioxidant activity on LDL oxidation as 71.6% at final concentration of $1{\mu}g/ml$ and total phenol content of 958.5 mg% as tannic acid equivalent. In conclusion, we think that these plants having potent antioxidant activity might be studied further and could be used as new resources for many purposes including healthy food, functional cosmetics and drug development etc.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

For selecting a new candidate as functional material, this study was conducted on in vitro antioxidant activity and total phenol content of methanol and water extracts prepared from two Mentha species (M viridis L. (M spicata L.) and Mentha piperita L, Extracts of M. viridis showed more efficient scavenging activity on superoxide and DPPH ${({\alpha},{\alpha}-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl)}$ radical and inhibitory activity on oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by $CuSO_4$ and auto-oxidation of linoleic acid than those of M piprita. Methanol extract $(65.88%{\sim}77.59%)$ and water extract $(37.69%{\sim}87.21%)$ of M. viridis also exhibited more potent inhibitory activity on LDL oxidation than that of ${{\alpha}-tocopherol\;(28.37%{\sim}66.54%)}$ at ${1{\sim}100\;{\mu}g/ml}$ of final concentration. The total phenol contents of methanol extract and water extract of Mviridis (17.95% & 10.18%, respectively) as tannic acid equivalent were higher than those of M piperita (15.44% & 9.19%). But the yields of methanol and water extracts of M. viridis (13.3 % & 13.5%) were lower than those of M. piperita (14.1 % & 14.6%). The results implies that the extracts from M. viridis (spicata) is more useful material for industrialization as functional food than those from M. piperita.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2004

We carried out a validation-calibration study of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that we had previously developed for a community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Health Study of the Korea National Genome Research Institute. We have collected a total of 254 3-day diet records (DRs) from 400 subjects, 200 each randomly selected from the two study cohorts of Ansung and Ansan. FFQ was administered at the time of cohort recruitment in 2001, and DRs were collected during a two month period from January through February of 2002. The mean age was 52.2 years. Farming for men and housewife for women were the most common occupations. The majority of the subjects had undergone 6∼12 years of education. The general characteristics including demographic and other data were not different from the total cohort subjects. Absolute levels of consumed nutrients including total energy (energy), protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, retinol, carotene, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C were compared. The average of energy intake was not significantly different between the data collected by the 2 methods. However, consumptions of protein and fat were higher in data of DRs, whereas that of carbohydrate was higher in FFQ data. Significant correlation of each nutrient consumption between the data sets was observed (p ＜ 0.05) except in the case of iron, while the average correlation coefficient between them was 0.22 ranging from 0.33 for energy to 0.11 for iron. The results of cross classification by quantile for exact classification ranged from 25.2% (carotene) to 35.0% (phosphorus), and from 64.6% (vitamin A) to 76.4% (retinol) for adjacent classification. The proportion of completely opposite classification was 8.1% in average. Calibration slope was estimated by regression and calibration parameters ranged from 0.025 for carotene to 0.423 for niacin. We conclude that the FFQ we have developed is an appropriate tool for assessing the nutrient intakes as ranking exposures in epidemiology studies in view that amounts of consumed nutrients obtained by FFQ were similar to those collected by DRs, that correlations between consumed nutrients collected by these methods were significant, and that classification results were relatively fair. The correlation coefficients, however, were lower than expected, which may be mainly due to the survey season. In fact, any short-term dietary survey cannot accurately reflect the overall dietary intakes that change heavily depending on seasons. Further studies including the analysis of chemical indices would be helpful for the studies of causal relationship between the diet and disease.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.237-237
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• 2015

The district of Marlborough has had more than its share of river management projects over the past 150 years, each one uniquely affecting the geomorphology and flood hazard of the Wairau Plains. A major early project was to block the Opawa distributary channel at Conders Bend. The Opawa distributary channel took a third and more of Wairau River floodwaters and was a major increasing threat to Blenheim. The blocking of the Opawa required the Wairau and Lower Wairau rivers to carry greater flood flows more often. Consequently the Lower Wairau River was breaking out of its stopbanks approximately every seven years. The idea of diverting flood waters at Tuamarina by providing a direct diversion to the sea through the beach ridges was conceptualised back around the 1920s however, limits on resources and machinery meant the mission of excavating this diversion didn't become feasible until the 1960s. In 1964 a 10 m wide pilot channel was cut from the sea to Tuamarina with an initial capacity of $700m^3/s$. It was expected that floods would eventually scour this 'Wairau Diversion' to its design channel width of 150 m. This did take many more years than initially thought but after approximately 50 years with a little mechanical assistance the Wairau Diversion reached an adequate capacity. Using the power of the river to erode the channel out to its design width and depth was a brilliant idea that saved many thousands of dollars in construction costs and it is somewhat ironic that it is that very same concept that is now being used to deal with the aggradation problem that the Wairau Diversion has caused. The introduction of the Wairau Diversion did provide some flood relief to the lower reaches of the river but unfortunately as the Diversion channel was eroding and enlarging the Lower Wairau River was aggrading and reducing in capacity due to its inability to pass its sediment load with reduced flood flows. It is estimated that approximately $2,000,000m^3$ of sediment was deposited on the bed of the Lower Wairau River in the time between the Diversion's introduction in 1964 and 2010, raising the Lower Wairau's bed upwards of 1.5m in some locations. A numerical morphological model (MIKE-11 ST) was used to assess a number of options which led to the decision and resource consent to construct an erodible (fuse plug) bank at the head of the Wairau Diversion to divert more frequent scouring-flows ($+400m^3/s$)down the Lower Wairau River. Full control gates were ruled out on the grounds of expense. The initial construction of the erodible bank followed in late 2009 with the bank's level at the fuse location set to overtop and begin washing out at a combined Wairau flow of $1,400m^3/s$ which avoids berm flooding in the Lower Wairau. In the three years since the erodible bank was first constructed the Wairau River has sustained 14 events with recorded flows at Tuamarina above $1,000m^3/s$ and three of events in excess of $2,500m^3/s$. These freshes and floods have resulted in washout and rebuild of the erodible bank eight times with a combined rebuild expenditure of $80,000. Marlborough District Council's Rivers & Drainage Department maintains a regular monitoring program for the bed of the Lower Wairau River, which consists of recurrently surveying a series of standard cross sections and estimating the mean bed level (MBL) at each section as well as an overall MBL change over time. A survey was carried out just prior to the installation of the erodible bank and another survey was carried out earlier this year. The results from this latest survey show for the first time since construction of the Wairau Diversion the Lower Wairau River is enlarging. It is estimated that the entire bed of the Lower Wairau has eroded down by an overall average of 60 mm since the introduction of the erodible bank which equates to a total volume of $260,000m^3$. At a cost of $$0.30/m^3$ this represents excellent value compared to mechanical dredging which would likely be in excess of $$10/m^3$. This confirms that the idea of using the river to enlarge the channel is again working for the Wairau River system and that in time nature's "excavator" will provide a channel capacity that will continue to meet design requirements.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.23-32
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• 2023

Probabilistic and deterministic analyses are implemented for the armor units of rubble foundation mound of composite breakwaters which is needed to protect the upright section against the scour of foundation mounds. By a little modification and incorporation of the previous empirical formulas that has commonly been applied to design the armor units of foundation mound, a new type formula of stability number has been suggested which is capable of taking into account slopes of foundation mounds, damage ratios of armor units, and incident wave numbers. The new proposed formula becomes mathematically identical with the previous empirical formula under the same conditions used in the developing process. Deterministic design have first been carried out to evaluate the minimum weights of armor units for several conditions associated with a typical section of composite breakwater. When the slopes of foundation mound become steepening and the incident wave numbers are increasing, the bigger armor units more than those from the previous empirical formula should be required. The opposite trends however are shown if the damage ratios is much more allowed. Meanwhile, the reliability analysis, which is one of probabilistic models, has been performed in order to quantitatively verify how the armor unit resulted from the deterministic design is stable. It has been confirmed that 1.2% of annual encounter probability of failure has been evaluated under the condition of 1% damage ratio of armor units for the design wave of 50 years return period. By additionally calculating the influence factors of the related random variables on the failure probability due to those uncertainties, it has been found that Hudson's stability coefficient, significant wave height, and water depth above foundation mound have sequentially been given the impacts on failure regardless of the incident wave angles. Finally, sensitivity analysis has been interpreted with respect to the variations of random variables which are implicitly involved in the formula of stability number for armor units of foundation mound. Then, the probability of failure have been rapidly decreased as the water depth above foundation mound are deepening. However, it has been shown that the probability of failure have been increased according as the berm width of foundation mound are widening and wave periods become shortening.