• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.407-410
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• 2005

This paper describes an evaluation of reinforcement tension in RC beams using the variable truss models. The models were examined with the beam test results by Kim, Kim and White. Consequently, a fixed inclination $\theta$ at the support un-explains global state of internal force flow in cracked reinforced concrete beams subjected to shear and bending. Accordingly, we must introduce the arch factor for development of consistent model in reinforced concrete beams subjected to shear and bending

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1990.10a
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• pp.163-168
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• 1990

This study shows both through experiment and based on theory the reinforcement effectiveness when using FRP(Fiber Reinforced Plastics) as a means of reinforcing the concrete of the deteriorated concrete. Non-deteriorated concrete and deteriorated concrete which is deteriorated by freezing and thawing are made three type specimens (non-reinforced) concrete beam, one layer FRP reinforced concrete beam, two layer FRP reinforced concrete beam) for this purpose. Bending strength and cracking load ratio is measured by bending test.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2013

Discrete steel fibres can increase significantly the bending and the shear resistance of concrete structural elements when Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) is designed in such a way that fibre reinforcing mechanisms are optimized. To assess the fibre reinforcement effectiveness in shallow structural elements failing in bending and in shear, experimental and numerical research were performed. Uniaxial compression and bending tests were executed to derive the constitutive laws of the developed SFRC. Using a cross-section layered model and the material constitutive laws, the deformational behaviour of structural elements failing in bending was predicted from the moment-curvature relationship of the representative cross sections. To evaluate the influence of the percentage of fibres on the shear resistance of shallow structures, three point bending tests with shallow beams were performed. The applicability of the formulation proposed by RILEM TC 162-TDF for the prediction of the shear resistance of SFRC elements was evaluated. Inverse analysis was adopted to determine indirectly the values of the fracture mode I parameters of the developed SFRC. With these values, and using a softening diagram for modelling the crack shear softening behaviour, the response of the SFRC beams failing in shear was predicted.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 2020

This paper investigates the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced longitudinally with either steel bars, molded glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) grating mesh or pultruded glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) grating mesh, under four-point bending. The variables included in this study were the type of concrete (normal weight concrete, perlite concrete and vermiculite concrete), type of the longitudinal reinforcement (steel bars, molded and pultruded GFRP grating mesh) and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio (between 0.007 and 0.035). The influences of these variables on the load-midspan deflection curves, bending stiffness, energy absorption and failure modes were investigated. A total of fifteen beams with a cross-sectional dimension of 160 mm × 210 mm and an overall length of 2400 mm were cast and divided into three groups. The first group was constructed with normal weight concrete and served as a reference concrete. The second and third groups were constructed with perlite concrete and vermiculite concrete, respectively. An innovative type of stirrup was used as shear reinforcement for all beams. The results showed that the ultimate load of the beams reinforced with pultruded GFRP grating mesh ranged between 19% and 38% higher than the ultimate load of the beams reinforced with steel bars. The bending stiffness of all beams was influenced by the longitudinal reinforcement ratio rather than the type of concrete. Failure occurred within the pure bending region which means that the innovative stirrups showed a significant resistance to shear failure. Good agreement between the experimental and the analytical ultimate load was obtained.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.15-19
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• 2003

For the purpose of standardization of the critical current measurement, it is meaningful to describe how $I_{c}$ will behave as the stress/strain level changes. In this study, strain dependencies of the critical current $I_{c}$ in Ag-alloy sheathed multifilamentary Bi(2212) and Bi(2223) superconducting tapes were evaluated at 77K, 0T. The external reinforcement was accomplished by soldering AgMgNi alloy tapes onto single or both sides of the sample. With the external reinforcement to the Bi(2212) tape, the strength of the tapes increased but the critical current at the strain free state, $I_{c0}$ decreased in some cases. The strain for onset of the $I_{c}$ degradation, $\varepsilon$$_{\irr}$, increased with an increase of the reinforcing volume and then saturated to a certain value. The effect of external reinforcement on the degradation of $I_{c}$ due to the bending strain in the Bi(2223) tape was also examined. Contrary to the expectation, it showed a significant $I_{c}$ degradation even at a small strain of 0.4 %. The observations of damage morphologies gave a good explanation to the $I_{c}$ behavior.c/ behavior.r.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.691-697
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• 2010

Reliability-based topology optimization (RBTO) is to get an optimal topology satisfying uncertainties of design variables. In this study, reliability-based topology optimization method is applied to the inner reinforcement of vehicle's hood based on BESO. A multi-objective topology optimization technique was implemented to obtain optimal topology of the inner reinforcement of the hood. considering the static stiffness of bending and torsion as well as natural frequency. Performance measure approach (PMA), which has probabilistic constraints that are formulated in terms of the reliability index, is adopted to evaluate the probabilistic constraints. To evaluate the obtained optimal topology by RBTO, it is compared with that of DTO of the inner reinforcement of the hood. It is found that the more suitable topology is obtained through RBTO than DTO even though the final volume of RBTO is a little bit larger than that of DTO. From the result, multiobjective optimization technique based on the BESO can be applied very effectively in topology optimization for vehicle's hood reinforcement considering the static stiffness of bending and torsion as well as natural frequency.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2014

The addition of steel fibers in concrete mixture is recognized as a non-conventional mass reinforcement scheme that improves the torsional, flexural, and shear behavior of structural members. However, the analysis of fiber reinforced concrete beams under combined torsion, bending, and shear is limited because of the complicated nature of the problem. Therefore, nonlinear 3D finite element analysis was conducted using the "ANSYS CivilFEM" program to investigate the behavior of fiber reinforced concrete L-beams. These beams were tested at different reinforcement schemes and loading conditions. The reinforcement case parameters were set as follows: reinforced with longitudinal reinforcement only and reinforced with steel bars and stirrups. All beams were tested under two different combined loading conditions, namely, torsion-to-shear ratio (T/V) = 545 mm (high eccentricity) and T/V = 145 mm (low eccentricity). Eight intermediate L-beams were constructed and tested in a laboratory under combined torsion, bending, and shear to validate the finite element model. Comparisons with the experimental data reveal that the program can accurately predict the behavior of L-beams under different reinforcement cases and combined loading ratios. The ANSYS model accurately predicted the loads and deformations for various types of reinforcements in L-beams and captured the concrete strains of these beams.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1175-1194
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• 2016

Nonlinear models, capable of taking into account all the phenomena involved in the cracking and in the failure of lightly reinforced concrete beams, are nowadays available for a rigorous calculation of the minimum reinforcement. To simplify the current approaches, a new procedure is proposed in this paper. Specifically, the ductility index, which is lower than zero for under-reinforced concrete beams in bending, is introduced. The results of a general model, as well as the data measured in several tests, reveal the existence of two linear relationships between ductility index, crack width, and the amount of steel reinforcement. The above relationships can be applied to a wide range of lightly reinforced concrete beams, regardless of the geometrical dimensions and of the mechanical properties of materials. Accordingly, if only a few tests are combined with this linear relationships, a new design-by-testing procedure can be used to calculate the minimum reinforcement, which guarantees both the control of cracking in service and the ductility at failure.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2015

This study propose the organic fiber reinforcement for performance improvement of blast resistance. Proposed fibers are polyamide fiber, PET fiber and aramid fiber and fiber reinforcements were produced by ATY method. To evaluate strain energy absorption capacity of organic fiber reinforced concrete using organic fiber reinforcement, 4-point bending test and 3-point bending tests on notched beam were performed. Test results show that PET fiber reinforced concrete has outstanding performance. It is thought that the PET fiber is effective for the performance improvement of blast resistance.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2009

This research examined the technical feasibility of composite that had two layers of fiberglass reinforcement to enhance the load carrying capacity of lumber. Specimens were prepared from standard lumber made of thinning crop trees such as Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and P. rigida. Results indicated that bending properties, hardness, and wood screw withdrawal load of low density lumber from the P. koraiensis increased as the number of layers of fiberglass reinforcement increased. Composite produced by VARTM method showed the MOE increased in all specimens, while the MOR differed on the location, whether the 2-layers of FRP is put on tensile zone or compressive zone. The MOR of high density lumber from Larix kaempferi and P. rigida decreased when they placed into tensile zone, but low density lumber from P. koraiensis increased in same location. The bending toughness only increased high density lumber of Larix kaempferi as the number of layers of fiberglass reinforcement increased. The technique developed by this study may increase an opportunity to use small diameter log with low density for commercial purposes.