• The Mathematical Education
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.239-259
• /
• 2008

This paper is to find and to suggest alternative ways of description on function chapters in the middle school mathematics so that the descriptions be more closely related to daily life. The research has two phases: one for belief on the usefulness, the other for cognitive ability to solve the practical problems. Results are as following. 1. Most descriptions of corresponding chapters have emphases on the usefulness of functions so as to enhance beliefs on the use of functions. 2. Most practical functions contain expressions of large constant term and large coefficients in magnitude while those are not in the descriptions of tektbooks, especially in case of using ruled papers. 3. For quadratic functions, most students do not detect the degree of the function from the data presented by pairs of values of x and y. And those are not dealt with in most of textbooks, which are given in the MIC textbook.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 2004

During process design or process optimization, it is quite common for experimenters to find optimum operating conditions for several responses simultaneously. The traditional multiresponse surfaces optimization methods do not consider the uncertain relationship among these responses sufficiently. For this reason, the authors propose an optimization method based on evidential reasoning theory by Dempster and Shafer. By maximizing the basic probability assignment function, which indicates the degree of belief that certain operating condition is the solution of this multiresponse surfaces optimization problem, the desirable operating condition can be found.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.262-265
• /
• 2018

Deep learning, a sub-field of machine learning changing the prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) because of its recent advancements and application in various field. Deep learning deals with algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the brain called artificial neural networks. This works reviews basic architecture and recent advancement of deep structured learning. It also describes contemporary applications of deep structured learning and its advantages over the treditional learning in artificial interlligence. This study is useful for the general readers and students who are in the early stage of deep learning studies.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• v.22 no.7
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 2022

With the evolution of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology, the routing policy has foremost importance in the Internet of Things (IoT). A systematic routing policy is one of the primary mechanics to make certain the precise and robust transmission of wireless sensor networks in an energy-efficient manner. In an IoT environment, WSN is utilized for controlling services concerning data like, data gathering, sensing and transmission. With the advantages of IoT potentialities, the traditional routing in a WSN are augmented with decision-making in an energy efficient manner to concur finer optimization. In this paper, we study how to combine IoT-based deep learning classifier with routing called, Kriging Regressive Deep Belief Neural Learning (KR-DBNL) to propose an efficient data packet routing to cope with scalability issues and therefore ensure robust data packet transmission. The KR-DBNL method includes four layers, namely input layer, two hidden layers and one output layer for performing data transmission between source and destination sensor node. Initially, the KR-DBNL method acquires the patient data from different location. Followed by which, the input layer transmits sensor nodes to first hidden layer where analysis of energy consumption, bandwidth consumption and light intensity are made using kriging regression function to perform classification. According to classified results, sensor nodes are classified into higher performance and lower performance sensor nodes. The higher performance sensor nodes are then transmitted to second hidden layer. Here high performance sensor nodes neighbouring sensor with higher signal strength and frequency are selected and sent to the output layer where the actual data packet transmission is performed. Experimental evaluation is carried out on factors such as energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, packet loss rate and end-to-end delay with respect to number of patient data packets and sensor nodes.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.703-722
• /
• 2016

Passive wireless devices have increasing civilian and military applications, especially in the scenario with wearable devices and Internet of Things. In this paper, we study indoor localization of a target equipped with radio-frequency identification (RFID) device in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless networks. With known room layout, deterministic multipath components, including the line-of-sight (LOS) signal and the reflected signals via multipath propagation, are employed to locate the target with one transmitter and a single inaccurate receiver. A factor graph corresponding to the joint posterior position distribution of target and receiver is constructed. However, due to the mixed distribution in the factor node of likelihood function, the expressions of messages are intractable by directly applying belief propagation on factor graph. To this end, we approximate the messages by Gaussian distribution via minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) between them. Accordingly, a parametric message passing algorithm for indoor passive localization is derived, in which only the means and variances of Gaussian distributions have to be updated. Performance of the proposed algorithm and the impact of critical parameters are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations, which demonstrate the superior performance in localization accuracy and the robustness to the statistics of multipath channels.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.97-115
• /
• 2013

The present study examined the relationships between work related flow (i.e., absorption, work enjoyment, and intrinsic work motivation) and role conflict causes (i.e., teacher's belief, teaching and interaction with young children, comradeship, relationships with parents, workload, supervision, and social awareness of the job). A canonical correlation analysis was performed on the data from a sample of 154 childcare teachers. The results are as follows (1) there was a reciprocal-causal relationship between teachers' role conflict causes and their work-related flow; (2) canonical function 1 showed that absorption and work enjoyment are strongly associated to a teacher's belief and supervision of conflict causes; and (3) canonical function 2 showed that intrinsic motivation has a relatively strong relationship with workload and supervision of conflict causes. It can be concluded that it is important for childcare teachers to have sufficient job resources to promote their flow at work. Further research is needed for investigation of teacher's flow at various conditions of work.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.140-155
• /
• 1993

The characteristics of $I_{\lambda}$-optimality, one of the linear criteria suggested by Fedorov (1972) are investigated with respect to the D-and heteroscedastic G-optimality in case of non-constant variance function. Though having limited results obtained from simple models, we may conclude that $I_{\lambda}$-optimality is sometimes preferred to the heteroscedastic G-optimality suggested newly bv Wong and Cook (1992) in the sense that the experimenter's belief in weighting function exists in $I_{\lambda}$-optimality criterion, not to mention its computational simplicity.

• Language and Information
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.137-179
• /
• 1997

This paper discusses several basic issues of the 'focus' phenomenon. One of them is the issue of the nature of focus, i.e., what constituent of the sentences gets focused. Another is the issue of to what aspect of meaning the focus contributes. The other is the issue of the functions of focus-sensitive operators. As for the first issue, it is observed that the basic function of focus is to mark all and only the new information of the sentence. But for the cases in which this principle is not observed, it is proposed that the focus in these cases in general plays a secondary function of triggering an additional emphatic scalar meaning. And yet, in these cases, the state of the matter is different between free focus and bound focus. It is also shown that contrary to the general belief that free focus contributes to the meaning semantically. Concerning focus-sensitive operators, we classify them into two groups, i.e., quantificational and scalar operators, and try to formalize their meaning in the framework of Pulman's(1997) 'higher order unification theory'.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.149-170
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to make a sentence systemic within the category of structural grammar for the modality in which a speaker expresses his attitude. It is the priority of a language to communicate meaning. By eliminating the theoretical description of traditional grammar, this paper also aims to illustrate the concepts of nine modal verbs through a systemic network. The concept of modality includes both the epistemic and the deontic characteristics of modality. Epistemic modality is associated with either knowledge or belief on the part of a speaker who gives his own judgments about the state of affairs, events, or actions. However, deontic modality is related to either the possibility or the necessity of acts that a speaker performs to give permission or fulfill an obligation. In conclusion, all the subsystems are described within the framework of the systemic network, with the intention of including all the potential options of the semantic functions available in a situation.

• Korean Business Review
• /
• v.14
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 2001

The purpose of auditing is to express an auditor's opinion on the fair presentation of the financial position and business operations of companies according to the financial accounting standards, and to raise the reliability of the financial statements and to enable the user of the financial statements to make a proper judgement on the companies. There should be an audit risk in the audit of the financial statements in a modem sense because it is done by the sampling audit not by the detailed one. Audit risk is the risk that an auditor may unknowingly fail to modify appropriately the auditors' report on financial statements containing a material misstatement. The audit risk eventually hurt the reliability of the financial statements when the auditors set up different audit risks because it is determined by the auditor's professional judgement. Thus, there have been negative opinions on the Audit Risk Model suggested in the SAS No. 47 because it cannot explain the process of auditor's judgement and bring different results. In view of the results so far achieved, which influences the auditor's decision making, should be done by the Belief Function Mode Model in a position of raising the reliability of the financial statements and emphasizing the usefulness and effectiveness of the auditing.