• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.113-132
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• 1999

국내에서는 근래에 들어, 다양한 지반조건 및 현장여건을 지닌 지하굴착 및 사면보강 등의 현장에 쏘일네일링 공법의 적용이 점차 확대되어 왔다. 또한 쏘일네일링 공법의 설계는 일반적으로, 한계평형적 해석방법에 의거해 보강토체의 활동에 대한 소요안전율을 만족하는 단면을 우선 결정한 다음, 수치해석 프로그램을 이용하여 이 단면 전면벽체에서 예상되는 최대변위를 추가로 확인하는 비교적 단순화된 과정을 통해 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 쏘일네일링 공법의 경우 관련 설계변수가 비교적 다양한 특징을 지니고 있으며, 따라서 이와 같은 설계변수들 사이의 상호 연관성을 고려하는 보다 합리적인 설계법 제시 차원의 노력이 지속적으로 요구되는 실정이다. 이외에도 원지반 흙의 비등방성, 채취시료의 교란 정도 및 측정상의 오차 등 설계에 적용되는 각종변수가 지니고 있는 불확실성 등을 감안할 때, 현재 시점에서는, 축적된 다양한 현장의 계측자료를 수집하여 관련 설계변수 사이의 상호 연관성을 체계적으로 분석하려는 노력과 더불어 신뢰성 있는 효율적인 기법을 이용하여 경제성이 강조되는 최적화 설계 차원의 노력도 요구되는 시점으로 판단된다. 이와 같은 목적의 일환으로, 본 연구에서는 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 쏘일네일링 굴착벽체 시스템의 시공비용 최소화를 위한 최적설계기법을 제시하였으며, 또한 제시된 최적설계기법의 전제조건중의 하나로 고려되는 숏크리트 전면벽체의 발생변위를 합리적으로 예측하기 위해 인공신경망 이론을 도입하였다. 다양한 비교.분석과 더불어, 최종적으로는 제시된 쏘일네일링 굴착벽체 시스템 최적화 기법의 적합성 여부를 종합적으로 확인하기 위해, 실제 시공이 이루어진 현장의 설계단면과 제시기법에 의거해 최적화된 설계단면을 서로 비교.분석하였다.칠음 정도의 정량화 작업을 연구한 것이다.M SDS와 117mM $SOFTANOL\circledR-90$의 Log $K_m$은 각각 2.95-3.76, 2.95-3.49의 값을 나타내었다. 또한 SDS와 $SOFTANOL\circledR-90$의 경우 Log $K_m과\; Log\; K_{ow}$는 선형적인 관계를 보였다. 계면활성제 용액에서 BTEX의 분배 개념은 지반내 포집되어 있는 소수성 유기 오염물의 제거를 통한 지반복원과 효율성 평가에 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.largely ignored since the introduction of western medical science, and was considered something used only by the aged or the uneducated. Moreover, Health concerned practices and customary traditional therapy have been discarded in the clinical medicine as "unscientific" or "unsystematic". As described above, it is true that Korean nursing has developed in the quantitative aspect only adhering to western nursing intervention. Now it is the time to stop to hold ourself and to look back our past. To find and develop the originality of Korean nursing to

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2016

21세기 들어 공원 및 오픈스페이스 계획은 기존의 양적인 성장, 생태적 측면 그리고 여가적 측면 등 단편적 기능에 집중해오던 것에서 다양한 혜택을 가져오는 다기능과 함께 오픈스페이스와 녹지 등의 연결성을 강조하는 그린 인프라스트럭처로 확대되고 있는 실정이다. 런던의 경우, 그린 인프라스트럭처는 기존의 물리적 그리고 사회 기반시설과 함께 핵심 기반시설 중의 하나로 인식되고 있으며 이론적 접근을 통해 그린 인프라스트럭처 계획을 지속적으로 개발하고, 법적 도시계획 속에 반영되어 지방 차원에서 실질적인 공간계획으로 구현되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 영국의 법정도시계획인 런던플랜 속에서 그린 인프라스트럭처 정책의 변화 발전과 세분화된 전략적 실행 계획인 그린그리드 계획 그리고 지역계획에 반영된 정책의 동향과 특징과 시사점을 다루었다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중앙 정부, 광역지방정부 그리고 지방정부가 명확한 역할 분담을 하고 있다. 국가계획정책체계인 NPPF, 그리고 광역런던기구의 런던플랜에 준하여 로컬플랜을 수립하고 있어 중앙정부의 정책목표가 지방정부의 개발계획에 일관성 있게 반영되는 시행 체계를 구축하고 있다. 그린 인프라스트럭처가 정책적으로 높은 비율로 지방정부의 로컬플랜에 반영되고 있어 이를 뒷받침하고 있다. 둘째, 광역계획인 런던플랜을 통하여 그린 인프라스트럭처와 관련된 정책 그리고 실천전략으로서 그린그리드 계획을 일관되게 확대 발전시키고 있다. 또한 정권과 관계없이 지속적이고 일관되게 추진되고 있으며 시대의 흐름에 맞게 보다 발전되고 강화되면서 장기적 실행계획으로 실현되고 있다. 셋째, 광역런던기구는 선언적 정책에 머무르지 않고 런던 시장이 직접 운영하는 지원 프로그램을 통하여 지방정부에서의 실행을 지원하고 있으며 파트너쉽으로 유도하고 지원하는 방식을 통해 정책을 실현하고 있다. 근래 서울시도 공원과 녹지정책에 있어 발전을 가져왔지만 선언적 정책에 머무르지 않고 영국 런던과 같이 정권과 관계없이 지속적이고 일관되게 추진되는 정책과 장기적으로 실천되고 있는 계획 사례의 검토는 우리에게 주는 시사점이 크다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.59-76
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• 2005

The inner and outer environment surrounding companies becomes more insecure and unpredictable due to sudden changes. Because the change of environment surrounding companies can deeply affect the existence of companies, continuous innovation of organization is required to develope management ability. Also, to conquer insecure present and future of companies effectively, organizations of companies have voluntarily coped with insecurities and intense competitions through endless organization innovation. Externally, globalization, openness, and relaxed regulation intensify competitions; consumers' requests get varied; consciousness of members of organizations have changed. Due to those factors, companies are placed in a situation that they should practice endless inner innovation. Internally, competitive power has weakened due to decline in productivity and inefficiency of indirect parts of company has increased. From those factors, managers increasingly request inner innovation and pursue organization innovation for the purpose of effective usage of extra resources and being prepared for the future. The managers who operate organization innovation think that systematized approach to organization innovation is the most practical, and actually operate the thought. However, the negative side of the thought is not neglectable. To minimize inner and outer resistance and to operate organization innovation successfully, some innovation strategies that properly reflect several issues related to organization innovation should be prepared. Another words, organization innovation should be operated differently by cases that if it focuses on personal perspective or on organization's. For many cases of our country, several techniques of organization innovation have been adopted in a short time and operated without making its original use. Therefore, this study looks into major Issues that should be considered for more successful operation of organization innovation, from both personal aspect and organizational aspect. When considering such aspects and operate organization innovation, there is more possibility to succeed on organization innovation. Now, Korean companies have overcame trial period and reborn as global companies. Take warnings by the ordeal under IMF administration, this is time to secure international competitive power by using developed innovation techniques and transform to superior company. Managers need to recognize that to try successful organization innovation is the shortcut to reborn as competitive company, and should take a continuous and profound search for decisive factors to succeed on organization innovation. To operate successful organization innovation, first, at the step of planning organization. innovation, the company should understand the company's capability, position in market and relationship with competitors. Then, the company should establish a distinguished innovation strategy which is of the whole company's aspect, so that the company can freely choose various technique of organization innovation that suits for the company's capability and needs, and unfold the organization innovation movement. Establishing strategy in the aspect of the total company is very important because it offers clear focus of the purpose of adopt, priority and distribution of resources. Second, at the step of operating organization innovation, the company should define concrete purpose and method to evaluate the results that are expected to obtain by adopting organization innovation in advance. While pushing forward, the company should set proper time of examination(milestone) and inspect if expected results are shown. Third, at the step of afterward management of operating organization innovation, the company requires a thorough afterwards verification if targeted results are obtained and of confirmation of successful or failure factors. Also, the company should cultivate specialists in the company who can accumulate and continuously spread the know-how learned during organization innovation promotion, so the know-how don't remain only in certain departments or to a few people in charge. The company should also give effort to maintain the accumulated innovation techniques to be continued.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.483-491
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• 2014

본 연구는 장류용 콩 품종의 논 재배 시 만파에 따른 생육 및 수량성 변이를 검토하기 위하여 경남 밀양에서 2012년부터 2013년에 걸쳐 수행하였다. 이용된 품종은 대원콩, 남풍, 대풍, 새단백, 선유, 우람, 천상, 태광 등의 중만생종품종과 참올, 황금올의 조생종 품종이었으며 6월 20일, 7월 5일, 7월 20일 세 차례에 걸쳐 파종하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 경장은 중만생종에서 만파할수록 대체로 감소하였으며 조생종에서는 유의한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 7월 20일 파종 시 분지수는 태광, 대풍, 선유, 참올 등에서 많이 발생하였고 마디수는 우람, 천상에서 가장 많았다. 2. 대부분 품종에서 6월 20일 파종 시에 가장 많은 협수를 기록하였으나 대풍, 우람, 천상은 7월 5일 파종 시에 오히려 협수가 많았다. 3. 만파 시 백립중은 적기 파종과 비교하였을 때 감소하였으며 수량은 적기 파종과 만파 시 모두 대풍, 태광, 우람 순으로 가장 높았다. 4. 만파에 따른 수량감소율은 남풍이 9.6%로 가장 낮아 만파적응성이 가장 높은 품종인 것으로 보인다. 5. 파종기에서 개화기까지의 기간은 파종기가 늦춰지더라도 비교적 일정하였으나 개화기에서 성숙기까지는 만파할수록 크게 단축되었다. 중만생종 중 선유, 조생종 중 황금올은 등숙기간의 단축이 가장 적어 만파에 따른 영향을 가장 적게 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.48-73
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• 1986

Though the tradition of Korean mathematics since the ancient time up to the 'Enlightenment Period' in the late 19th century had been under the influence of the Chinese mathematics, it strove to develop its own independent of Chinese. However, the fact that it couldn't succeed to form the independent Korean mathematics in spite of many chances under the reign of Kings Sejong, Youngjo, and Joungjo was mainly due to the use of Chinese characters by Koreans. Han-gul (Korean characters) invented by King Sejong had not been used widely as it was called and despised Un-mun and Koreans still used Chinese characters as the only 'true letters' (Jin-suh). The correlation between characters and culture was such that, if Koreans used Han-gul as their official letters, we may have different picture of Korean mathematics. It is quite interesting to note that the mathematics in the 'Enlightenment Period' changed rather smoothly into the Western mathematics at the time when Han-gul was used officially with Chinese characters. In Koryo, the mathematics existed only as a part of the Confucian refinement, not as the object of sincere study. The mathematics in Koryo inherited that of the Unified Shilla without any remarkable development of its own, and the mathematicians were the Inner Officials isolated from the outside world who maintained their positions as specialists amid the turbulence of political changes. They formed a kind of Guild, their posts becoming patrimony. The mathematics in Koryo significant in that they paved the way for that of Chosun through a few books of mathematics such as 'Sanhak-Kyemong', 'Yanghwi-Sanpup' and 'Sangmyung-Sanpup'. King Sejong was quite phenomenal in his policy of promotion of mathematics. King himself was deeply interested in the study, createing an atmosphere in which all the high ranking officials and scholars highly valued mathematics. The sudden development of mathematic culture was mainly due to the personality and capacity of king who took anyone with the mathematic talent into government service regardless of his birth and against the strong opposition of the conservative officials. However, King's view of mathematics never resulted in the true development of mathematics perse and he used it only as an official technique in the tradition way. Korean mathematics in King Sejong's reign was based upon both the natural philosophy in China and the unique geo-political reality of Korean peninsula. The reason why the mathematic culture failed to develop continually against those social background was that the mathematicians were not allowed to play the vital role in that culture, they being only the instrument for the personality or politics of the king. While the learned scholar class sometimes played the important role for the development of the mathematic culture, they often as not became an adamant barrier to it. As the society in Chosun needed the function of mathematics acutely, the mathematicians formed the settled class called Jung-in (Middle-Man). Jung-in was a unique class in Chosun and we can't find its equivalent in China or Japan. These Jung-in mathematician officials lacked tendency to publish their study, since their society was strictly exclusive and their knowledge was very limited. Though they were relatively low class, these mathematicians played very important role in Chosun society. In 'Sil-Hak (the Practical Learning) period' which began in the late 16th century, especially in the reigns of Kings Youngjo and Jungjo, which was called the Renaissance of Chosun, the ambitious policy for the development of science and technology called for. the rapid increase of he number of such technocrats as mathematics, astronomy and medicine. Amid these social changes, the Jung-in mathematicians inevitably became quite ambitious and proud. They tried to explore deeply into mathematics perse beyond the narrow limit of knowledge required for their office. Thus, in this period the mathematics developed rapidly, undergoing very important changes. The characteristic features of the mathematics in this period were: Jung-in mathematicians' active study an publication, the mathematic studies by the renowned scholars of Sil-Hak, joint works by these two classes, their approach to the Western mathematics and their effort to develop Korean mathematics. Toward the 'Enlightenment Period' in the late 19th century, the Western mathematics experienced great difficulty to take its roots in the Peninsula which had been under the strong influence of Confucian ideology and traditional Korean mathematic system. However, with King Kojong's ordinance in 1895, the traditional Korean mathematics influenced by Chinese disappeared from the history of Korean mathematics, as the school system was hanged into the Western style and the Western mathematics was adopted as the only mathematics to be taught at the Schools of various levels. Thus the 'Enlightenment Period' is the period in which Korean mathematics shifted from Chinese into European.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.163-199
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• 2010

최근 수년간 항공 마일리지의 이용제한 문제가 여러 차례 사회적 이슈로 부각돼 왔다. 그 이유는 무엇보다 마일리지의 법적 성격에 대한 항공사와 소비자의 견해가 다르다는 점에 있다고 볼 수 있다. 항공사는 마일리지를 항공운송서비스나 제휴사의 재화 또는 서비스이용에 대한 보상으로 여긴다. 이와 달리 소비자는 굳이 다른 경쟁 항공사들을 포기하고 특정항공사를 계속 이용한 것에 대한 경제적 인센티브 또는 구매금액에 포함된 것으로 유상으로 취득한 채권적 청구권으로 생각한다. 이에 이 글은 항공사의 마일리지 이용약관에 대한 공정거래위원회의 불공정성 심사를 계기로 마일리지 회원계약의 유상성 및 마일리지의 법적 성격을 살펴보았다. 항공운송업의 영업적 특성과 마일리지의 경쟁적 회계적 성격을 종합적으로 고려해볼 때 마일리지는 일정한 대가관계에 기초하여 취득한 것으로서 마일리지 회원계약은 유상계약으로 판단된다. 기업회계기준이 마일리지를 선수 수익으로 인식하여 부채로 계상하도록 하고 점, 제휴마일리지 제도를 통하여 막대한 수익을 얻는 점 등을 고려할 때에 '마일리지회원계약'을 무상계약이라고 보는 것은 무리가 따른다고 할 수 있으며, 판례나 조정례에서 살피는 것과 같이 마일리지 회원계약을 유상 쌍무계약으로 보는 것이 타당하다. 그러므로 소비자는 항공사에 대해 마일리지라는 조건부 채권을 가진 채권자이며, 반대로 마일리지 채무자에게는 마일리지 이용을 단순히 인용 허용하는 소극적 의무만이 아니라 마일리지 이용에 하자가 있을 경우에 이를 치유해야 할 적극적 의무가 있다고 보아야 할 것이다. 따라서 이러한 채무자가 의무를 위반하는 경우에 채무자는 그로 인해 발생하는 손해에 대해 배상책임을 부담하며, 조건부 법률행위에서 조건의 성취를 약관변경을 통해 제한하는 것은 고객에게 부당하게 불리한 약관조항인 동시에 계약상대방의 권리실현 조건의 성취를 방해하는 것으로 소비자의 권리를 침해하는 반신의행위(민법 제150조)에 해당할 수 있다고 보았다. 또한 이러한 약관은 약관규제법 제6조 제2항 제1호 '고객에게 부당하게 불리한 조항'으로 공정성을 잃은 것으로 추정되어 무효가 될 수 있음을 살펴보았다.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 1985

Though the tradition of Korean mathematics since the ancient time up to the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century had been under the influence of the Chinese mathematics, it strove to develop its own independent of Chinese. However, the fact that it couldn't succeed to form the independent Korean mathematics in spite of many chances under the reign of Kings Sejong, Youngjo, and Joungjo was mainly due to the use of Chinese characters by Koreans. Han-gul (Korean characters) invented by King Sejong had not been used widely as it was called and despised Un-mun and Koreans still used Chinese characters as the only "true letters" (Jin-suh). The correlation between characters and culture was such that , if Koreans used Han-gul as their official letters, we may have different picture of Korean mathematics. It is quite interesting to note that the mathematics in the "Enlightenment Period" changed rather smoothly into the Western mathematics at the time when Han-gul was used officially with Chinese characters. In Koryo, the mathematics existed only as a part of the Confucian refinement, not as the object of sincere study. The mathematics in Koryo inherited that of the Unified Shilla without any remarkable development of its own, and the mathematicians were the Inner Officials isolated from the outside world who maintained their positions as specialists amid the turbulence of political changes. They formed a kind of Guild, their posts becoming patrimony. The mathematics in Koryo is significant in that they paved the way for that of Chosun through a few books of mathematics such as "Sanhak-Kyemong, "Yanghwi - Sanpup" and "Sangmyung-Sanpup." King Sejong was quite phenomenal in his policy of promotion of mathematics. King himself was deeply interested in the study, createing an atmosphere in which all the high ranking officials and scholars highly valued mathematics. The sudden development of mathematic culture was mainly due to the personality and capacity of King who took any one with the mathematic talent onto government service regardless of his birth and against the strong opposition of the conservative officials. However, King's view of mathematics never resulted in the true development of mathematics per se and he used it only as an official technique in the tradition way. Korean mathematics in King Sejong's reign was based upon both the natural philosophy in China and the unique geo-political reality of Korean peninsula. The reason why the mathematic culture failed to develop continually against those social background was that the mathematicians were not allowed to play the vital role in that culture, they being only the instrument for the personality or politics of the King. While the learned scholar class sometimes played the important role for the development of the mathematic culture, they often as not became an adamant barrier to it. As the society in Chosun needed the function of mathematics acutely, the mathematicians formed the settled class called Jung-in (Middle-Man). Jung-in was a unique class in Chosun and we can't find its equivalent in China of Japan. These Jung-in mathematician officials lacked tendency to publish their study, since their society was strictly exclusive and their knowledge was very limited. Though they were relatively low class, these mathematicians played very important role in Chosun society. In "Sil-Hak (the Practical Learning) period" which began in the late 16th century, especially in the reigns of King Youngjo and Jungjo, which was called the Renaissance of Chosun, the ambitious policy for the development of science and technology called for the rapid increase of the number of such technocrats as mathematicians inevitably became quite ambitious and proud. They tried to explore deeply into mathematics per se beyond the narrow limit of knowledge required for their office. Thus, in this period the mathematics developed rapidly, undergoing very important changes. The characteristic features of the mathematics in this period were: Jung-in mathematicians' active study an publication, the mathematic studies by the renowned scholars of Sil-Hak, joint works by these two classes, their approach to the Western mathematics and their effort to develop Korean mathematics. Toward the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century, the Western mathematics experienced great difficulty to take its roots in the Peninsula which had been under the strong influence of Confucian ideology and traditional Korean mathematic system. However, with King Kojong's ordinance in 1895, the traditonal Korean mathematics influenced by Chinese disappeared from the history of Korean mathematics, as the school system was changed into the Western style and the Western matehmatics was adopted as the only mathematics to be taught at the schools of various levels. Thus the "Enlightenment Period" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.od" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.pean.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.2262-2275
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• 1971

조사대상은 전라북도 관내 토지개량 조합 저수지 14개소와 전라남도관내 토지개량 조합저수지 20개소에 대하여 저수량 및 토사매몰량을 실측조사하고 또한 두 도내에 산재하여 있는 소류지 3,347개소에 대하여는 해당 시군에 비치된 대장에 의하여 조사하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 저수지 유역의 임상이 저수지 설치당시에는 대부분 산림이 울창하여 양호하였든 것이 8.15 해방과 6.25동란으로 주민들의 도벌과 남벌로 인하여 거의 황폐되었으며 또 유역내의 토사유출과 저수지내에 유사침전이 심하게 되어 유역면적 1ha당 연평균 $10.63m^3$의 토사침적을 보게 되었다. 2. 이 결과는 평균 27.5%의 저수량 감소를 초래하게 된 것이다. 특히 소류지는 계획당시에는 단위 저수량이 평균 0.19hm로 판명되었는데 이는 원래부터 저수량이 부족한데다가 다년간의 토사 매몰로 인하여 더욱 부족하게 되었다. 3. 평소의 유지관리 상황이 매우 소홀하여서 제방누수 산지 불임부의 누수 통관누수 등이 있는데도 불구하고 개보수를 하지 않고 방치한 곳도 있다. 4. 한발시에 준설한 곳도 있기는 하나 그 준설토사를 저수지 안에 쌓두어 환원된 예도 있었다. 5. 일반농민이 용수를 낭비하는 경향이 많었다. 이상과 같은 실정이므로 수자원 보완책으로서 다음과 같은 방안을 채택할 것을 당국에 건의하는 바이다. (1) 벼가 생육기별로 요구하는 최소한의 용수량만을 관계하는 절수재배를 여행한 것. (2) 용수가 극히 부족한 지방에서는 답토양의 수분을 70% 정도로 유지시키도록 수일간에 한번씩 소량으로 관계하는 계획관개를 실행한 것. (3) 지하수 복류수를 최대한 이용할 수 있도록 지구안에 관정을 굴착할 것. (4) 지구안에 보가 설치되어 있는 곳에서는 집수정을 병설하여 한발시에는 복류수를 양수하여 관개에 이용할 것. (5) 저수지 유역내의 산림은 이를 일체 보안림에 편입시켜서 조림 사방 야계등 공사를 우선적으로 실시하여 수원함양에 주력할 것. (6) 못자리는 집단식을 채택하고 묘대용수는 자체 해경을 원칙으로 할 것. (7) 매몰된 토사는 될 수록 준설하여 계획 저수량을 확보한다. (8) 하천이 저수지로 흘러들어가는 어구에는 웨이어를 설치하여 유입토사를 사전에 처리할 것. (9) 물넘이의 표고는 입지 조건에 따라 자동식 구조로하여 올리되 홍수위는 올리지 않고 홍수시에는 수위가 강하되어 재방을 덧쌓거나 용지매수를 하지 않고서도 저수량을 증대하는 방안을 모색할 것.

• 대한간호
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.59-71
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• 1990

Although the usefulness and importance of clinical application of nursing diagnosis are well recognized by the academic circle, it is not yet generally practiced. In order to provide data for establishing a policy for clinical nursing diagnosis; a study was made at a seminar, sponsored by the Department of nursing, Severance Hospital, with participation of 190 nurses from 33 hospitals. The objective of the study was to find out; 1) if the nurses agree with the academic community in recognizing the benefits and problems of clinical application of nursing diagnosis; 2) how the nurses evaluate their ability to carry out nursing diagnosis; and 3) if educational programs would help enhance ability of nursing diagnosis among nurses. The summary of findings by the study is as follows; 1. While all nurses responded positively on the question of benefits improving science and quality of nursing, thus elevating credibility and position of nurses, some expressed concern on the practicality of the system in setting up nursing objectiveness, confirming the nursing problems and utilizing patient information. For the 20 questions and the scale of 1~5, the lowest average score was 3.223 and the highest 4.066. 2. The study attempted to find out the opinion of the nurses on the problems that 'would make difficult to adopt the nursing diagnosis in clinics. The result of the study indicates the nurses believe the major problems are the fact that the subject of nursing diagnosis are not well defined and that the form sheets do not match with the ones that are currently being used. However, comparing it with the result of the previous study on the same question (inadequate manpower and insufficienf time allocated for the job were two major problems pointed out then.), it can be said that the opinion of the nurses studied this time was much more positive and it suggests that they believe the system can be adopted without increasing manpower and only by giving additional training and by adjusting the format of nursing record sheets. It suggests that the future for adopting a clinical nursing diagnosis is very bright. 3. As the most urgent problem to be solved for adopting clinical nursing diagnosis, 38. 5% responded that it was "education of nurses, "and 34.2% responded that it was "staffing adequate number of nurses". 4. For the 10 questions asked for self-evaluation of ability to adopt the system, with the scale of 1~5, average score was lower than 3. This indicate that they evaluate their ability to adopt the system is low. 5. The results of study taken before and after the educational programs for clinical nursing diagnosis were compared with overall score in order to determine if such program would cause changes in the response to the effect of clinical application of nursing diagnosis, and it was found that there was statistically significant changes suggesting that the education contributed to positive change in the response. 6. The results of study taken before and after the educational programs for clinical nursing diagnosis were compared with overall score in order to determine how the proble~ ms for adopting nursing system would be effected by such educational programs, and it was found that those problems be not soived with a short course of training. 7. The results of study taken before and after the educational programs for clinical nursing diagnosis were compared with overall score in order to determine if such programs would bring changes in the self-evaluation of nurses on the ability of nursing diagno sis, and it was found that program improve score of self-evaluation their ability of the nursing diagnosis. As seen in the above reports, it was found that the nu'rses are very positive about the clinical nursing diagnosis, that educational program for the clinical nursing diagnosis helps nurses for positively changing their attitude for ,the nursing diagnosis, for their self-confidence on their ability to perform nursing diagnosis. With improved know-how and self"confictence of nurses gained through educational and .training programs, the future of clinical application of nursing diagnosis is very bright.diagnosis is very bright.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.65-96
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• 2007

Today, the modern art is extremely diverse. It is denying its own boundary through chaos, extreme, abjection. In fact the diversity of the modern art can be best described as questioning and challenging to the essence of the reality, rather than the artistic pursuit of the beauties. The pursuit of the reality has been a long lasting discourse since the ancient. Through the history, the reality (referent) and representation (image) has been complementing and disposing each other in a relationship of a meaningful construction until the modern times. The limit of modernistic self-reference and the emergence of the figure leads to the emergence of Post-modernism in a trend of experimenting new visual arts. The return to the figure is clearly distinguished from existing representation's system and it brought new meanings to approaches and interpretations of the reality. In the case of Pop arts of 1960's and the following the modern sculptures, which is covered by this thesis, I put an emphasis on the diversification of those via changed strategies on the reality. In a situation where the reality is dictated by signified, the modern arts can no longer stay on a classic concept of representation, rather it pursuits new system and diverse strategies. I provide three types of strategic characters of the reality and the diversification of reality: the transition of the reality. These three types can be used as a frame work, which is supporting new aspects of the modern arts in reflecting on existing system. Therefore, the reason of categorizing is to distinguish modernistic arts and post modernistic arts, and to propose new post-modernistic discourses. Adapting J.F, Lyotard's view, absence is used to trace down the diversification of the reality thorough the sublime on the deconstruction of the mega discourses and the relationship of representation. Based on H. Faster's theory of the appropriation, the appropriation is used to exemplify the strategies of visual arts are in variations and being delayed. Lastly, in the transition, J. Baudrilliard's simulacre is used in terms of the concept of post modernistic representation. Based on the core of his theories, the deconstruction of existing concepts and simulation as the post modernistic representation, and the world of hyperreality based on simulacre are explained. These allows us to deny that representation is the expression of reality through mimesis. My aim is to work on the definition of the arts and representation in the modern era, and go further from there in order to clarify meaning and extension of the modern sculptures. Now two artists are reviewed based on their own art works: George Seagal; Jeff Koons. They are selected among numerous artists from the Post Modern era. Epic contents and emphasis on daily life of Seagal's works show good examples to artists from Pop Arts and following time period and may have served as a start point for Postmodernism. Indeed, he tried to show a newly defined relationship between art works and daily life experience. On the other hand, J.Koons used the strategies of fabrication and appropriation, which shows characteristics of the postmodernism. Through his four individual exhibitions, he shows the diversification of the reality based on art works as fetishistic merchandises, and newly defined concept of Ready-made since M Duchamp. Lastly, the diversification of the reality is analyzed again in context of my art works. I focused on the return to the figure among a variety of trends of late 20 th century modern sculpture. It showed the post modernistic point of view on the reality. Post modernistic diversified strategies are adopted as a method of distinguishing each art works via the diversification of the reality. This is the result of contemporary social and cultural situations.