• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.257-271
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to examine weather modification by urbanization and human activities. The characteristics of the urban heat island (UHI) and precipitation in Seoul metropolitan area of Korea are investigated to demonstrate that cities can change or modify local and nearby weather and climate, and to confirm that cities can initiate convection, change the behavior of convective precipitation, and enhance downstream precipitation. The data used in this study are surface meteorological station data observed in Seoul and its nearby 5 cities for the period of 1960 to 2009, and 162 Automatic Weather System stations data observed in the Seoul metropolitan area from 1998 to 2009. Air temperature and precipitation amount tend to increase with time, and relative humidity decreases because of urbanization. Similar to previous studies for other cities, the average maximum UHI is weakest in summer and is strong in autumn and winter, and the maximum UHI intensity is more frequently observed in the nighttime than in the daytime, decreases with increasing wind speed, and is enhanced for clear skies. Relatively warm regions extend in the east-west direction and relatively cold regions are located near the northern and southern mountains inside Seoul. The satellite cities in the outskirts of Seoul have been rapidly built up in recent years, thus exhibiting increases in near-surface air temperature. The yearly precipitation amount during the last 50 years is increased with time but rainy days are decreased. The heavy rainfall events of more than $20mm\;hr^{-1}$ increases with time. The substantial changes observed in precipitation in Seoul seem to be linked with the accelerated increase in the urban sprawl in recent decades which in turn has induced an intensification of the UHI effect and enhanced downstream precipitation. We also found that the frequency of intense rain showers has increased in Seoul metropolitan area.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.298-312
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• 2020

Purpose: This study had two objectives: 1) to develop a scale for the process of exercise engagement (SPEE) for prediabetic individuals (PDIs); 2) to validate a structural model for the process of exercise engagement for PDIs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with simple random sampling was conducted from September 2013 to December 2015 (in Taiwan). A total of 310 PDIs were enrolled for scale development and model validation via item analysis, factor analyses, and structural equation modeling. The Kuo model was used as the basis for developing the Chinese version of the SPEE for PDIs. Results: The SPEE contains five subscales with a total of twenty-one items that account for 54.9% to 65.9% of the total variance explained for assessing participants' process of engagement during exercise. For Kuo model validation, the model measures indicated goodness of fit between the Kuo model and sample data. Analysis further revealed a direct effect between the creating health blueprints (CHB) stage and the spontaneous regular exercise (SRE) stage (β=.60). Conclusion: The SPEE includes five subscales for assessing the psychological transition and behavioral expression at each stage of the process of exercise engagement for PDIs. The SPEE for people with prediabetes provides deeper insights into the factors of behavioral change stages that are required to initiate long-term health care outcomes and avoid developing diabetes. These insights are significant as they allow for patient-specific mapping and behavior modification to effect exercise.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.46-49
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• 2003

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is an essential dielectric planarization in multilayer microelectronic device fabrication. In the CMP process it is necessary to minimize the extent of surface defect formation while maintaining good planarity and optimal material removal rates. The polishing mechanism of W-CMP process has been reported as the repeated process of passive layer formation by oxidizer and abrasion action by slurry abrasives. Thus, it is important to understand the effect of oxidizer on W passivation layer, in order to obtain higher removal rate (RR) and very low non-uniformity (NU%) during W-CMP process. In this paper, we compared the effects of oxidizer or W-CMP process with three different kind of oxidizers with 5% hydrogen peroxide such as $Fe(NO_3)_3$, $H_2O_2$, and $KIO_3$. The difference in removal rate and roughness of W in stable and unstable slurries are believed to caused by modification in the mechanical behavior of $Al_3O_3$ particles in presence of surfactant stabilizing the slurry.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.155-155
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• 2017

Surface modifications are commonly utilized to adjust the properties of the titanium and its alloy surface to the specific needs of the medical applications, but there are disadvantages such as poor osteoconductive properties and low adhesion of bone cell to implant surface. In order to improve these disadvantages, changes in surface properties have an important effect on osseointegration during implantation. In this paper we applied new technological method for improving a unique surface modification using the characteristic of an electrolytic Solution. Thus, in the electrolyte containing NaF in Na2SO4, TiO2 nanoporous was uniformly formed, and HAp nanoparticles were electrodeposited around the TiO2 nanopores, but in the electrolyte containing NH4F in (NH4)H2PO4, the coarse protrusions including HAp nano particles were regularly deposited onto the TiO2 barrier layer. The surface characteristics and the distributed elements and have been investigated by EDS analysis, and ultra-fine structure of surface are carried out using FE-SEM. To investigate the behavior of the anion, the analysis of chemical states was performed by XPS, and the narrow spectrums for Ti2P, Ca 2p, and P 2p seems to be almost similar depending on the characteristics of the electrolyte solution respectively. In addition, Ca 2p spectrum could be resolved into two peaks for Ca 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 at 347.4 and 351.3 eV, which are related to hydroxyapatite. And, the P peak can also be deconvoluted into two peaks for P1/2 and P3/2 levels with binding energy 134.2 and 133.4 eV, respectively. From the result of soaking test, the apatite morphologys were well-formed onto the modified surface according to the different conditions.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1997

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of obesity, eating habits and life styles of children. This survey was carried out anthropometry and questionnaires in 180 male and 141 female students of fifth-grade at Dongmak elementary school. The results are summarized as follows : 1)18.2% of the male and 19.3% of female students were obese. Underweight group was 10.5% of the male and 15.0% of the female students. 2) Average height of male and female students were 142.0㎝, 144.0㎝ and weight of those were 35.8㎏ and 37.1㎏ respectively. The height and skinfold thickness of the triceps in female students were significantly higher than those of male students and body fat content in female students was significantly lower than that of male students. There was no difference in BMI, RW and RI between male and female students. The average BMI, RW, RI were 17.7, 25.4, 124.0, respectively. 3) The student's height was positively related to parent's height and moth's weight. There were significantly positive correlation between mother's and subject's weight. BMI, RW and RI were positively related to parent's BMI. 4) 78.3% of male and 51.8% of female students had prejudice for special food, and 45.5% of male and 34.5% of female students had an overeating habit. Male students had significanthy higher rate than female in both cases. Average eating time per meal was 18.9 minutes for male and 21.0 minutes for female students. Experience for taking nutrient supplement in male student was more than that in female. Obese group had prejudice for special food, overeating habit and rapid eating rate more than any other groups. The prevalence of obesity among the children is gradually increasing. Therefore, in order to prevent progress into adulthood obesity, nutrition education including the right perception for obesity and eating behavior modification was needed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to improve not only wet-end performances but also paper characteristics by the modification of various factors like molecular design and ionic characteristics of polyacrylamides First of all physical characteristics were observed after modify molecular design of the cationic polyacrylamides to linear, branched and cross-linked. In addition it was found analysis method to confirm branch degree of cationic polyacrylamides to combine ionic titration characteristics and spectroscopic behavior, After application of these structure modified polyacrylamides to the multiple retention systems with inorganic microparticles, it was found adjusting of branch degree of polyacrylamides was very important to optimize wet-end improvement. Second, After polymerization of amphoteric polyacrylamide to have both of cationic and anionic functional group in the polymer, we observed not only physical characteristics but also wet-end improvement to apply recycled pulp and found that the improvement of solution stability to prevent hydrolysis and increase of ash retention dramatically to compare traditional cationic polyacrylamide retention aid, Finally, After polymerization of anionic polyacrylamide, we observed not only wet-end improvement but also paper characteristics to apply preflocculation of PCC and it was found the improvements of flocculation efficiency, retention, ash retention, optical properties of the paper and bursting strength to compare traditional preflocculant of cationic polyacrylamide.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.1141-1146
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• 1999

Melt blend of PA6/PP-g-MA system containing SEBS-g-MA as a compatible impact modifier was prepared to investigate the change of mechanical properties and morphologies. The tensile strength slightly decreased, but the elongation at break increased with increasing content of SEBS-g-MA in the blend. Also the notched izod impact strength increased with increasing the content of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA. It is attributed to improved compatibilization and interfacial adhesion by reaction of the amide of PA6 with maleic anhydride of SEBS-g-MA and PP-g-MA. The result of dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA) showed a typical behavior of the compatibilization in the polymer blends. Finally, in the phase structure observed by the use of SEM, we confirmed improvement of the compatibilization and interfacial adhesion with increasing the content of SEBS-g-MA and PP-g-MA.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2014

Bruxism is a much-discussed clinical issue in dentistry. Although bruxism is not a life-threatening disorder, it can influence the quality of human life, especially through dental problems, such as, frequent fractures of dental restorations and pain in the orofacial region. This research has a goal to investigate the diagnostic methods of bruxism, to provide an appropriate information about various treatment in clinical situation, and to evaluate the effect and the usefulness of those methods. There is no certain remedy for bruxism that is a technically efficient and definitely reliable diagnosis and treatment. So, the primary purpose is to prevent the oral and maxilofacial tissue injuries from bruxism and to relieve the pain and symptom. Therefore, Combining various reversible treatments together, such as behavior modification, Oral appliances therapy and physiotherapy, is recommended. For a bruxism treatment in dental field, more researches about the factors influencing on diagnosis and cure are necessary.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.599-609
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• 2020

The tension-only braced frames (TOBFs) are widely used as a lateral force resisting system (LFRS) in low-rise steel buildings due to their simplicity and economic advantage. However, the system has poor seismic energy dissipation capacity and pinched hysteresis behavior caused by early buckling of slender bracing members. The main concern in utilizing the TOBF system is the determination of appropriate performance factors for seismic design. A formalized approach to quantify the seismic performance factor (SPF) based on determining an acceptable margin of safety against collapse is introduced by FEMA P695. The methodology is applied in this paper to assess the SPFs of the TOBF systems. For this purpose, a trial value of the R factor was first employed to design and model a set of TOBF archetype structures. Afterwards, the level of safety against collapse provided by the assumed R factor was investigated by using the non-linear analysis procedure of FEMA P695 comprising incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) under a set of prescribed ground motions. It was found that the R factor of 3.0 is appropriate for safe design of TOBFs. Also, the system overstrength factor (Ω₀) was estimated as 2.0 by performing non-linear static analyses.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.399-416
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate students' satisfaction with, perceived ease of movement of, and perceived fit of high school girls' uniforms according to the uniform design. "P" high school, with a one-piece dress-type uniform, and "H" high school, with a two-piece type uniform, were selected for this study. Sixty-five female students from each school participated in the study. The questionnaire was composed of 21 questions about the school uniforms' purchase behavior, design, fit, ease of movement, and modification and participants' demographic information. Students from both schools were generally satisfied with the uniform design. However, in the open-ended response section, many "P" high school students responded that the fact that the one-piece dress pulled up when sitting or raising the hand made it uncomfortable. On the other hand, "H" high school students responded that the skirt was uncomfortable, because it left the body or underwear exposed when the wind blew due to the many pleats in the skirt. In the assessment of the ease of movement, "P" high school students were more likely to describe the uniform as uncomfortable than "H" high school students. Many students responded that they modified their school uniforms, and the length of the skirt and one-piece dress was the main part that was modified. This study suggests that growing female high school students are unsatisfied with the school uniforms' design and fit. Additionally, the perceived fit and satisfaction levels depend on the uniform design.