• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Honey bees use propolis to defend against invaders and pathogens. Propolis, a resinous mixture, has been widely used for its antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. This research was carried out to evaluate the propolis productivity in Apis mellifera lines to select superior honeybee lines. For the study, which were collected from three regions in Korea were evaluated for the productivity of propolis. The results showed that, the average propolis per colony was highest in the line P2 (10.1 g/hive), which was inbed line derived from isolated region, compared to other lines. We also measured brood development one the basis of population size of eggs, brood, and adult bees to further probe for relation between population size and propolis yield, in that larger population generally have more foragers. Also, adult population expended more greatly in the line P2 compared to that in the control.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

Tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) is an internal parasite that is parasitic on the bronchus of adult bees and sucks fluid from the trachea. Since its first report by Rennie, it has been spread throughout Europe and in some Asian regions, with adjacent Japan and China reported in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Korea detected specific genes of A. woodi in 2015, but only one of 99 samples has been identified and the being of A. woodi has not been confirmed. In this study, we established a specific nested PCR method to confirm for detecting low-copy number of A. woodi-specific gene in bee samples. As a result, A. woodi-specific COI gene was amplified in 15 of 23 samples, and they were judged positive by melting point analysis and sequencing analysis. Although we could not observe the existence of the mites in bees, our results suggest that tracheal mit might exist in nature.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2022

Background: In northern Thailand, the longan flower is the principal nectar source for honey production. Microorganisms play a critical function in the agricultural ecology. The morphological characteristics of fungal species found in longan pollen were studied. Aspergillus spp. were found to be invertase-producing strains and were employed in the longan syrup production process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of invertase-added longan syrup on the adult honey bee population numbers that were fed by this syrup for 16 weeks. Results: Different fungal species were found in longan pollen samples. Aspergillus was the main genus, with three predominant sections: Nigri, Flavi, and Terrei. Other isolated species were Trichoderma spp., Rhizopus spp., Neurospora spp., Chaetomium spp., Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. However, Aspergillus spp. is the only fungal species that produces the enzyme invertase. The invertase-producing strains belonging to the Aspergillus section Nigri were found to be A. niger LP5 with an optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 60℃. When A. niger LP5 invertase was used for longan syrup processing, the highest levels of glucose (3.45%) and fructose (2.08%) were found in invertase added longan syrup (C), while fresh (A) and boiled longan syrup (B) had lower contents of both sugars. The sucrose content was detected in (A) at 4.25%, while (B) and (C) were at 4.02% and 3.08%, respectively. An appropriate amount of sugar to feed and maintain the honey bee population was considered. The data showed no statistically significant differences between the two selected forms of longan syrup compared to the sugar syrup examined by the adult honey bee population. Conclusions: The main species of isolated fungi from longan pollen were Aspergillus spp. The discovery of an invertase-producing strain of A. niger LP5 has enabled its application for enzyme utilization in the invert sugar preparation process. The adult worker bee populations fed by longan syrup from both boiled and invertase-added sources showed an increasing trend. Artificial syrup made from longan fruit to feed honey bees when natural food sources are limited can be applied.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.234-246
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• 1996

양의 스크래피(scrapie)는 우리나라에서의 발생보고가 없는 해외가축전염병의 일종이며, 동물의 전염성 해면형 뇌증(Transmissible Spomgifrom Encephalopathies; TSEs)중 역사가 가장 오랜 질병인데, 현재 영국에서 문제되고 있는 새로운 전염병인 소 해면형 뇌증(Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; BSE) 즉 일명 광우병(mad cow disease)과의 어떤 연관 가능성 때문에 수의학계의 관심의 대상이 되고 있는 질병이다. 일단 감염되어 발병되면 치료대책 없이 100$\%$ 폐사되는 세기의 불치병으로 알려진, 소 해면형 뇌증(BSE)은 영국에서 현재 사람의 크로이츠휄트-야콥병(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; CJD)과의 관련 가능성 여부를 놓고 독특한 문제가 되고 있는 세계적인 희귀질병이다. 이들 질병에 대하여는 아직까지 확실한 병인체가 밝혀져 있지도 않으며, 그렇기 때문에 면역 혈청학적 진단방법도 확립되어 있지 못할 뿐만아니라 예방백신의 개발 또한 불가능하다. 다만, 임상적인 병력과 임상소견, 뇌조직 표본에 대한 현미경 검사 또는 전자현미경 검사에 의한 특이소견 관찰 등 조직병리학적 진단만이 가능할 뿐이다. 본편에서는 소 해면형 뇌증(BSE)의 병리학적 감별진단과 관련, 지금까지 보고된 임상증상을 검토해보고, 우리나라에서 경험한 소의 광견병에 대한 조직병리학적 진단 재료를 근거로하여 감별진단을 위한 참고자료로 설명하고, 국제수역사무국(Office de International Epizooties; O.I.E.)에서 발생한 Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for List A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees(1992)(포유류, 조류, 꿀벌에 있어서의 A급 및 B급 질병에 대한 진단시약 및 예방백신에 대한 표준지침) 중에서 소 해면형 뇌증(B 83; p 742-747)과 스크래피(B 32; p 424-427)에 관한 내용 (Chapter 22, 205-215)을 기본자료로 제공하고자 한다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2009

We describe here the cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the glutathione S-transferase (GST) from the bumblebee Bombus ignitus. The Delta-class B. ignitus GST (BiGSTD) gene spans 1668 bp and consists of four introns and five exons that encode 216 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of approximately 24561 Da and a pI of 8.03. The N-terminal domain of BiGSTD has a conserved Ser residue, as well as conserved Lys, Pro, Glu, Ser and Tyr residues that are involved in the GSH-binding site of GST. The BiGSTD showed 60% protein sequence identity to the Bombyx mori GSTT1, 58% to Musca domestica GST, 57% to Drosophila melanogaster GST, and 55% to Anopheles gambiae GST1. BiGSTD was close to the insect-specific Delta class of GSTs in a phylogenetic tree. Northern blot analysis showed that BiGSTD is highly expressed in the fat body and midgut, and less so in the muscles of B. ignitus worker bees.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2012

Honey is produced by bees from nectar collected from nearby flowers. Sometimes, honey produced from the Rhododendron species is contaminated by Grayanotoxin (GTX) in Nepal and other countries. There have been reports of GTX intoxication, also known as 'mad honey disease', from honey produced in countries other than Korea. The importation of wild honey has been prohibited by the Korean Food and Drug Administration since 2005, yet it is still distributed within Korea by the occasional tourist. We report a case of GTX intoxication from contaminated honey which included the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, general weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, hypotension and sinus bradycardia. By means of infusion with normal saline and atropine sulfate, the patient's condition fully recovered within 8 hours of hospital admission, and she was discharged without any complications.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.12
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• pp.89-92
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• 2011

Wooden object lacquerware and grass made object excavated were discovered in water. The object can be dry gradually for a long time when it is not kept at water evaporation. Wooden area of wet lacquerware wet organic materials mmersed kept lacquer only on the exterior after being decayed, and most of grass made object were adhered to the earth. In this study, the author preserved lacquerware and grass made equipment at Dahori Changwon that were relics in the Iron Age by using bees wax, rayon pper and layering technique. And, the author could remove ware from the earth to conserve lacquer and grass made object.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2011

This study was designed to evaluate the beekeeper's consciousness for diagnosis and treatment on a disease of honey-bee in Daejeon and Jeollanamdo in Korea. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions. Of 231 randomly selected respondents between February and May 2010, 47.6% was consult a 'club (colleague)', 89.2% treated a 'doctoring oneself', 84.4% was recognize a bee as 'domestic animal', 77.5% was not recognize a veterinarian as field of treatment, 38.5% was acquire know-how by a beekeeper. Therefore these results suggest that the beekeepers are relying a lot on individuals experience for the diagnosis and treatment on the disease of honey-bee, the apiculture techniques was gained much by oneself. Korean beekeeping association was played a role as well, but related-university, agriculture research & extension services and veterinary service laboratory was not played a role in the country.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, for use as a health food. The crude protein and fat content was estimated at 26.14% and 3.49%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids were identified in green tea pollen, including 8 essential amino acids and 10 non-essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid accounting for about 33.3% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 35.7%, followed by $B_3$ and $B_2$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (790.32 mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (707.52 mg/100g) and sulfur (302.67 mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and sodium were detected as minor elements. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content accounted for 33.8% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ extract and $2.55 {\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.123-140
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• 1996

The main functions of university are research, teaching and social service. University would be developed only when all three functions are organically interacted. In this view, Korean universities have relatively weak in their social service function. On the other hand, Philippines universities are more developed than Korean universities. Taking the university to the people, rather than bringing the people to the university, is the goal of extension education in the Philippines university. The techniques of extension have bees consultation, demonstration, short courses, and correspondence of distance education. Especially in the Philippines, some agricultural universities have their own extension services besides those sponsored by the government. Since it is thought to be closest to the ideal system for bringing about agricultural development, and even though Philippines system has brought about many outstanding results, it would be very difficult to follow this pattern in Korea. Before we try to follow Philippines experience, we can not avoid the criticism on our preset extension education programs that they are usually poor organized, money oriented and routinizied. In order to improve the university`s extension function, universities should provide and develop various programs to meet the community`s educational demands positively and should, in the long run, open its facilities to the community to become a center of lifelong education.