• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.277-282
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• 2019

The object of this study is to compare the performance of the 3M Molecular Detection Assay 2 (3M MDA 2) and the Korea Standard Food Codex (KSFC) Method (i.e., isolation media and real-time PCR) in detecting Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in traditional Korean foods. Yuk-hwe and Yuk-sashimi (types of raw beef dishes) were artificially inoculated with $10^0-10^4CFU/25g$ of L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium. Citrobacter freundii and Listeria innocua were used as competitive microflora. After enrichment, the samples were analyzed using 3M MDA 2 and real-time PCR. All samples inoculated at concentrations of $10^0-10^4CFU/25g$ without competitive microflora were positive for S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, as detected by 3M MDA 2 and Korea Standard Food Codex (KFSC) Method. In addition, part of the samples were positive for the presence of C. freundii and L. innocua. The 3M MDA 2 - Salmonella and Korea Standard Food Codex (KFSC) Method showed similar detection performances in Yuk-hwe and Yuk-sashimi. The 3M MDA 2 method for Salmonella and Listeria, which is a LAMP-based technology, can be used for rapid detection of S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes in raw beef. LAMP bioluminescence assays provide results on the subsequent day and are simple to use compared with the Korea Standard Food Codex (KFSC) Method, particularly in terms of DNA preparation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2022

The research aims to develop a rapid and easy analytical method for methoprene using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A simple, highly sensitive, and specific analytical method for the determination of methoprene in livestock products (beef, pork, chicken, milk, eggs, and fat) was developed. Methoprene was effectively extracted with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile and acetone (1:1), followed by the addition of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) and anhydrous sodium acetate. Subsequently, the lipids in the livestock sample were extracted by freezing them at -20℃. The extracts were cleaned using MgSO₄, primary secondary amine (PSA), and octadecyl (C₁₈), which were then centrifuged to separate the supernatant. Nitrogen gas was used to evaporate the supernatant, which was then dissolved in methanol. The matrix-matched calibration curves were constructed using 8 levels (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150 ng/mL) and the coefficient of determination (R²) was above 0.9964. Average recoveries spiked at three levels (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg), and ranged from 79.5-105.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) smaller than 14.2%, as required by the Codex guideline (CODEX CAC/GL 40). This study could be useful for residue safety management in livestock products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2012

In this study, a method was developed using molecular biological technique to distinguish an authenticity of meats for processed meat products. The genes for distinction of species about meats targeted at 12S or 16S genes in mitochondrial DNA and the species-specific primers were designed by that PCR products' size was around 200bp for applying to processed products. The target materials were 10 species of livestock products and it checked whether expected PCR products were created or not by electrophoresis after PCR using species-specific primers. The results of PCR for beef, pork, goat meat, mutton, venison, and horse meat were 131, 138, 168, 144, 191, and 142 bp each. The expected PCR products were confirmed at 281, 186, 174, and 238 bp for chicken, duck, turkeymeat, and ostrich. Also, non-specific PCR products were not detected in similar species by species-specific primers. The method using primers developed in this study confirm to be applicable for composite seasoning including beefs and processed meat products including pork and chicken. Therefore, this method may apply to distinguish an authenticity of meats for various processed products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.361-372
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• 2023

Organotin pesticide is used as an acaricide in agriculture and may contaminate livestock products. This study aims to develop a rapid and straightforward analytical method for detecting organotin pesticides, specifically azocyclotin, cyhexatin, and fenbutatin oxide, in various livestock products, including beef, pork, chicken, egg, and milk, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The extraction process involved the use of 1% acetic acid in a mixture of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate (1:1). This was followed by the addition of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) and anhydrous sodium chloride. The extracts were subsequently purified using octadecyl (C₁₈) and primary secondary amine (PSA), after which the supernatant was evaporated. Organotin pesticide recovery ranged from 75.7 to 115.3%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) below 25.3%. The results meet the criteria range of the Codex guidelines (CODEX CAC/GL 40). The analytical method in this study will be invaluable for the analysis of organotin pesticides in livestock products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2013

Clenbuterol and ractopamine, which are ${\beta}$-agonists, have been misused as a growth promoting agent in meat producing animals. Clenbuterol was banned for veterinary drug in Korea because of its problems regarding safety. Due to their adverse effects, such as cardiovascular and central nervous diseases on human health proper control and monitoring should be conducted. The existing analytical method of clenbuterol and ractopamine in the Food code was improved through our present study. The bovine muscle samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, extracted with ethyl acetate and defatted by hexane-methanol partitioning. A molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) solid phase extraction cartridge was used for clean-up and LC-MS/MS was operated in positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Clenbuterol-$d_9$ and ractopamine-$d_3$ were used as an internal standard. The renewed method was validated according to the CODEX guideline. The limits of quantitation for clenbuterol and ractopamine were 0.2 and 0.5 ${\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The mean recoveries ranged in 104.2-113.5% for clenbuterol and in 107.6-118.1% for ractopamine. The improved method was able to save both time and expenses.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2014

This study was performed to acquire the information on the foodborne pathogen risk management programs in a couple of developed countries by the expert meeting and searching the information on the web. The backgrounds, strategies and effects related to microbial hazards of the foodborne pathogen reduction programs in fresh produce (US), Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef (US), Salmonella in chicken, pork and eggs (Denmark), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood (Japan) were investigated for case study. A comparison among the pathogen reduction programs was conducted to find advantages and disadvantages and implications of the policies to bring out implications of the programs. A model for foodborne pathogen reduction program was developed based on both the CODEX risk management scheme and the case studies as follows; 1) preliminary risk management activities, 2) planing a foodborne pathogen reduction program, 3) option identification and selection, 4) implementation (conducting the each stake-holders role and applying the intervention methods), 5) monitoring activities, 6) interim review, 7) continuation or amendment of implementation method by the interim review before achieving the goal, and 8) final review and additional cost-benefit analysis if necessary. This proposed model according to the role of the stake-holders can be used to conduct microbial risk management programs in Korea in the near future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.5.1-5.10
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• 2017

Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the leading causes of economic losses in the beef and dairy industry. Reliable antemortem tools for diagnosing BRD would improve the efficacy of treatment and reduce costs. Here we examined whether the relatively simple technique of thoracoscopy can support BRD diagnosis under field conditions. We also compared various equipment set-ups in order to optimize the safety and efficacy of the procedure. A total of 24 thoracoscopic procedures were performed in 17 calves diagnosed with BRD and in 2 healthy control calves. Rigid and flexible endoscopes and industrial videoscopes were tested using various insertion approaches. The suitability of the technique was assessed in terms of duration, volume of air extracted, visualization score, and image quality. Safety was assessed in terms of rectal temperature, body weight, breaths/min, presence of fibrinogen, pain score, recovery time, intraoperative complications and risk of laceration or threatening collapse. Results: Insertion of a flexible endoscope via a right, dorso-caudal approach at the $5^{th}$ intercostal space allowed complete examination of the right lung in 15 min, as well as identification of main lung lesions and adherences in calves with BRD, without compromising calf welfare. While the dorso-caudal approach was optimal, it was associated with substantial discomfort when rigid endoscopes were used, minimal complications or mortality due to thoracoscopy were observed up to 28 days after the procedure. Videoscopes were as safe and easy to use as endoscopes, but endoscopes provided better image quality. Conclusion: This study provides the first field evidence that thoracoscopy can be safe to explore BRD-diseased calves. These results justify a larger study to rigorously assess the diagnostic performance of the technique.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.252-255
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the application of ATP bioluminescence to measure the degree of microbial contamination from raw meat, meat processing and milk processing lines. Samples collected from slaughter house, meat and milk processing plants were tested for estimation of bacterial number by using ATP bioluminescence and conventional method. The former result was transffered to R-mATP value(log RLU/ml), and the latter transffered to CFU(log/ml). Correlation coefficient(r) between aerobic counts(CFU, log/ml) and R-mATP(log RLU/ml) value was 0.93(n=408). R-mATP of aerobic counts from beef, pork, chicken was 0.93(n=220), and that was 0.93(n=187) between meat processing and dairy processing plants. In addition, Correlation coefficient(r) between aerobic counts and R-mATP was 0.87(n=252) under 1$\times$10${^5}$/ml of bacterial count and 0.74(n=152) over 10${^5}$ respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2007

Contamination of ochratoxin A (OTA) was studied in 194 compound feeds and 59 feed ingredients samples distributed in South KOREA in 2006 and 2007. The degree of OTA contamination in feed ingredients was 27%, and its detected levels were ranged from 0.27 to 3.39 ppb. Seventy six percent of compound feeds were contaminated with OTA at concentration between 0.21 and 13.64 ppb. The highest degree of OTA contamination was observed in compound feeds for dairy cattle (96%) followed by for poultry (85%) and swine (79%). Beef cattle exhibited the highest level of OTA contamination (2.2 ppb). Compound feeds for dairy cattle and feed ingredients for vegetable proteins showed relative lower level of contamination at 1.6 and 1.2 ppb, respectively.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.316-321
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• 2010

The efficacy of the ozonated water (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 ppm) in reducing the risk of food-borne disease was investigated in this study. After inoculation of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19112), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica biovar Typhimurium (ATCC 12598), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43890) to lettuce, spinach, and beef, inhibition effect with different washing concentrations, time, and methods with ozonated and tap water were evaluated. As a result, there were 2.16 to 3.85 log CFU/mL reduction in different foods and 7 log CFU/mL reduction on cutting boards after watering with ozonated water. Higher than 0.2 ppm of ozonated water treatment reduced the growth of food-borne disease bacteria with increasing washing time and ozone concentration. These results suggested that the ozonated water treatment effectively improved the microbiological quality and food safety.