• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate the different physicochemical properties of various lipid sources in beef patties during storage for 6 months. Four groups of samples were made of beef meat patties with 22% of tallow, lard, chicken fat and 20% of palm oil. On the analysis result of physicochemical compositions, the patty has its own fatty acids composition and characteristic different from other lipids. Patty with chicken fat has the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid composition of 61.0% compared to the other groups of patties. Beef patty with chicken fat has 18.8% of poly unsaturated fatty acid(USFA) and beef patty with beef lipid has 1.5% of poly USFA which is the least percentage among the others. SFA/USFA ratio of beef patty with chicken lipid was 0.5 which was the least value. The composition of PUFA in beef patty with lard increased to 10.0% from 1.9% over initial value after storage for 6 months. On the contrary, the composition of PUFA in beef patty with chicken fat decreased to 9.2% from 18.8% over initial value after 6 months. Volatile free fatty acids of beef patties were evaluated with four kinds of lipid sources. Formic acid was the most as of 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in beef patty with tallow, acetic acid was 15$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, and heptanoic acid was 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g at starting time of storage. However, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid were not detected. After 6 months, formic acid decreased from 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to 7$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in the patty with tallow, from 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to non-detect level in the patty with palm oil, but two the others patties slightly increased. Volatile compounds in meat patties were reported nearly 1000 kinds of chemical compounds. Beef patty with tallow has aldehydes 5.3, alcohol 1.3, hydrocarbon 0.8, ketones 0.2, ester 0.1, furans 0.1, acid 0.04, sulfur 0.03 in peak area at starting and increased to aldehydes 8.5, alcohol 2.1, ketones 0.5, ester 1.0, furans 1.5 in peak area during the storage. But only furans was not detected after 6 months of storage. From starting to 6 months, aldehydes increased 2∼10 times, alcohol increased 2∼3 times, acids 4∼50 times and ester 9∼20 times in beef patties with pork lipid, chicken lipid and palm oil. Some volatile compounds such as alcohol, aldehydes and acids in all kinds of patties significantly increased after 6 months of storage. These increases cause oxidative rancidity taste in meat patties. These results showed that selt-life of meat patties with 4 different lipids were not over 6 months even though they were stored at -20$^{circ}C$. Therefore, they should be classified as off-grade because of oxidative rancidity. Although beef patties with tallow are currently common type, the possibility for new type of hamburg patty can be developed by applying different lipids. Finally, we found out new type of beef patty added with lard, which has the best taste and quality compared to the other common types.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2000

In order to investigate the possibility of lwo fat meat products, beef patties were prepared with gums such as carrageenan, methyl cellulose, and xanthangum. The quality characteristics of beef patties were examined. Moisture contents of raw and cooked patties of control were lower than those of patties containing gums, and fat content was higher than those of containing gums. There was no significant difference in the protein contents of patties. In case of L-value(lightness) of raw patty, the control was higher than those patties containing gums. a-(redness) and b-value(yellowness) among patties were not significantly different. Cooking yield, fat retention, and water holding capacity of beef patties containing gums were higher than control beef patty, but salt soluble protein and gel strength were not significantly different. Significant difference did not exist among beef patties in hardness, but the chewiness and gumminess of patties containing gums were higher than control. In case of sensory evaluation, there was no significant difference among patties in aroma and palatability. Texture of control was higher than patties containing gums, and juiciness of control was higher than patties containing carrageenan.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.166-171
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to examine the influences of spices on the amounts and compositions of volatile compounds released from cooked beef patty. Beef patty with 0.5% of spice (nutmeg, onion, garlic, or ginger powder, w/w) was cooked by electronic pan until they reached an internal temperature of $75^{\circ}C$. A total of 46 volatile compounds (6 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 5 hydrocarbons, 6 ketones, 9 sulfur compounds, and 14 terpenes) from cooked beef patties were detected by using purge-and-trap GC/MS. The addition of nutmeg, onion, or ginger powder significantly reduced the production of the volatile compounds via lipid oxidation in cooked beef patty when compared to those from the control. Also, the addition of nutmeg and garlic powder to beef patty generated a lot of trepans or sulfur volatile compounds, respectively. From these results, the major proportion by chemical classes such as alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, ketones, sulfur compounds, and terpenes was different depending on the spice variations. The results indicate that addition of spices to the beef patty meaningfully changes the volatile compounds released from within. Therefore, it can be concluded that spices can interact with meat aroma significantly, and thus, the character of each spice should be considered before adding to the beef patty.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.488-493
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• 2001

The know the possibility in development of the low-fat beef patty models using crucian carp9 extraction residues (CCER, freeze dried powder : 5%, 10%, 15%), those protein nutritional quality, texture, color and sensory properties were investigated. About 13∼23% (on dry basis) of lipid in control was reduced in cooked beef patties with the higher addition ratios of CCER. In vitro protein digestibility was not changed in raw patties before cooking but 2∼4% higher digestibility was revealed in cooked patties. Computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) and discriminant computed protein efficiency ratio (DC-PER) of beef patties containing CCER were almost same as control. Lightness and red color value of both (raw and cooked) beef patties were decreased with the higher CCER addition ratios but brown color value of cooked samples were similar to control. Stronger hardness was noted in all beef patties containing CCER significantly (p<0.05). Consumer's acceptability were generally decreased by addition of CCER, but 10% level could be recommendable in beef patty processing.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.64-68
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• 2002

본 연구는 gum류의 첨가가 우육 patty의 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 실시하였다. 생육 및 가열육 patty의 수분함량은 대조구가 낮았고, 지방함량은 대조구가 유의하게 높았다. 그리고 생육 patty의 단백질함량은 gum류 첨가구가 대조구보다 높게 나타났다. 생육 patty의 $L^{*}$ 값은 대조구가 gum류 첨가구보다 높았으나, $a^{*}$ 및 $b^{*}$ 값은 patty들 사이에 차이가 없었다. 또 가열육 patty의 $L^{*}$ , $a^{*}$ 및 $b^{*}$ 값은 4종류 patty들 사이에 차이가 없었다. 가열육 patty의 조리수율, 지방보유율 및 보수력은 gum류 첨가구가 대조구보다 높았다. 우육 patty의 경도 및 씹힘성은 대조구와 gum류 첨가구 사이에 차이가 없었으나, 껌성은 gum류 첨가구보다 높게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과 향기, 다즙성 및 전체적인 기호도는 patty들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 조직감은 gum류 첨가구가 대조구보다 높았다.

• 육가공
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• 통권36호여름호
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• pp.72-86
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 단체급식이나 외식용으로 주로 사용하고 있으나 미생물 오염에 쉽게 노출될 수 있는 패티용 분쇄 우육에 방사선조사기술을 적용하였을 때 나타나는 미생물 감균효과, 품질특성 및 관능품위에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 방사선조사 직후의 냉장육 초기 미생물은 식품 첨가물에 관계없이 $10^{5}CFU/g$ 수준이었으나 3 kGy 선량의 방사선조사에 의하여 $10^{2}-10^{3}CFU/g$ 수준으로 감균되었으며, 7 kGy에서는 미생물이 검출되지 않았다. 반면에 $-20^{\circ}C$에서 90일 저장한 냉동육의 미생물은 $10^{3}-10^{4}CFU/g$ 수준으로 낮아졌고 3 kGy 이상의 조사선량에서 미생물이 검출되지 않았다. 분쇄우육 제조시 가공적성 또는 맛을 개선하기 위하여 사용되는 아질산염, 소금, 인산염 및 아스콜빈산과 같은 식품첨가물은 미생물의 방사선 감수성에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 분쇄우육의 보수력에 미치는 방사선조사의 영향은 크지 않았으며, 방사선조사와 관계없이 냉장 육에 비하여 냉동육의 보수력이 높았는데 pH 변화와 관계가 있는 것으로 생각되었다. 해동감량에 미치는 방사선조사의 영향은 보수력과 마찬가지로 방사선조사선량에 따라 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 소금과 인산염이 첨가된 시료구에서는 해동감량이 적게 나타났다. 냉장육의 경우 방사선조사선량이 증가할수록 TBARS 값이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 첨가물이 함유된 시료구는 대조구보다 낮은 TBARS 값을 보였고, 냉동육은 냉동변성에 의한 육질의 물리적 특성 변화가 TBARS값에 일부 영향을 미치는 것으로 예상되었다. 적색도는 냉장육 대조구의 경우 방사선조사에 의하여 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 식품첨가물이 첨가된 시료구에서는 3kGy에서 가장 높은 적색도를 보인 이후 7 kGy 이상에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 냉동육은 방사선조사 및 식품첨가물의 영향에 따른 뚜렷한 경향을 찾을 수 없었다. 한편, 냄새 및 색깔에 대한 관능특성을 보면 방사선조사에 의하여 불쾌취가 높았으나 이러한 불쾌취는 아스콜빈산 첨가에 의하여 일정부분 상쇄되는 것으로 나타났다. 색깔의 경우 전반적으로 시료구에 관계없이 3 kGy 방사선조사에서 관능적으로 양호하였으며 이는 적색도와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 특히, 아스콜빈산이 함유된 시료구에서 색깔 및 냄새에 대하여 양호한 점수가 나온 결과에서 방사선조사된 고기의 냄새와 색깔에 미치는 아스콜빈산의 영향에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.404-404
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• 2000

In order to investigate the possibility of low fat meat products, beef patties were prepared with gumssuch as carrageenan, methyl cellulose, and xanthan gum. The quality characteristics of beef patties were examined. Moisture contents of raw and cooked patties of control were lower than those of patties containing gums. and fat content was higher than those of containing gums. There was no significant difference in the protein contents of patties. In case of L-value(lightness) of raw patty, the control was higher than those patties containing gums. a- ( redness) and b-value(yellowness) among patties were not significantly different. Cooking yield, fat retention, and water holding capacity of beef patties containing gums were higher than control beef patty, but salt soluble protein and gel strength were not significantly different. Significant difference did not exist among beef patties in hardness, but the chewiness and gumminess of patties containing gums were higher than control. In case of sensory evaluation, there was no significant difference among patties in aroma and palatability. Texture of control was higher than patties containing gums, and juiciness of control was higher than patties containing carrageenan.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 단체급식이나 외식용으로 주로 사용하고 있으나 미생물 오염에 쉽게 노출될 수 있는 패티용 분쇄우육에 방사선조사기술을 적용하였을 때 나타나는 미생물 감균효과, 품질특성 및 관능품위에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 방사선조사 직후의 냉장육 초기 미생물은 식품첨가물에 관계없이 $10^5$ CFU/g수준이었으나 3 kGy 선량의 방사선조사에 의하여 $10^2-10^3$ CFU/g 수준으로 감균되었으며, 7 kGy에서는 미생물이 검출되지 않았다. 반면에 $-20^{\circ}C$에서 90일 저장한 냉동육의 미생물은 $10^3-10^4$ CFU/g 수준으로 낮아졌고 3 kGy이상의 조사선량에서 미생물이 검출되지 않았다. 분쇄우육 제조시 가공적성 또는 맛을 개선하기 위하여 사용되는 아질산염, 소금, 인산염 및 아스콜빈산과 같은 식품첨가물은 미생물의 방사선 감수성에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 분쇄우육의 보수력에 미치는 방사선조사의 영향은 크지 않았으며, 방사선조사와 관계없이 냉장육에 비하여 냉동육의 보수력이 높았는데 pH 변화와 관계가 있는 것으로 생각되었다. 해동감량에 미치는 방사선조사의 영향은 보수력과 마찬가지로 방사선조사선량에 따라 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 소금과 인산염이 첨가된 시료구에서는 해동감량이 적게 나타났다. 냉장육의 경우 방사선조사선량이 증가할수록 TBARS값이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 첨가물이 함유된 시료구는 대조구보다 낮은 TBARS 값을 보였고, 냉동육은 냉동변성에 의한 육질의 물리적 특성 변화가 TBARS 간에 일부 영향을 미치는 것으로 예상되었다. 적색도는 냉장육 대조구의 경우 방사선조사에 의하여 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 식품첨가물이 첨가된 시료구에서는 3 kGy에서 가장 높은 적색도를 보인 이후 7 kGy 이상에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 냉동육은 방사선조사 및 식품첨가물의 영향에 따른 뚜렷한 경향을 찾을 수 없었다. 한편, 냄새 및 색깔에 대한 관능특성을 보면 방사선조사에 의하여 불쾌취가 높았으나 이러한 불쾌취는 아스콜빈산 첨가에 의하여 일정부분 상쇄되는 것으로 나타났다. 색깔의 경우 전반적으로 시료구에 관계없이 3 kGy 방사선조사에서 관능적으로 양호하였으며 이는 적색도와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 특히, 아스콜빈산이 함유된 시료구에서 색깔 및 냄새에 대하여 양호한 점수가 나온 결과에서 방사선조사된 고기의 냄새와 색깔에 미치는 아스콜빈산의 영향에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.826-839
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• 2023

This study investigated the effects of different charcoals on the occurrence of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in grilled beef steaks and beef patties. Seven different charcoals were used as follows: from oak wood (C1), from orange wood (C2), from Valonia oak wood (C3), from Marabu wood (C4), extruded charcoal from beech wood (C5), from coconut shells (C6), and from hazelnut shells (C7). The grilling times for each charcoal type were 6 min for the beef patties and 7 min for the beef steaks, until the internal temperature reached at least 74℃. The total concentration of 16 PAHs (PAH16) in beef steaks grilled with C1 (35.75 ㎍/kg) and C7 (36.39 ㎍/kg) was higher than that of C3 (23.80 ㎍/kg) and C6 (24.48 ㎍/kg; p<0.05). The highest amounts of PAH16 (216.40 ㎍/kg) were determined in the beef patty samples grilled using C5 (p<0.05). The summation of benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene, referred to as PAH4, was not detected in any of the beef steaks, whereas it was determined in the beef patties grilled with C2 (7.72 ㎍/kg) and C5 (22.95 ㎍/kg; p<0.05). The PAH16 concentrations of the beef patty samples in each charcoal group were significantly higher compared to the beef steaks (p<0.05). To avoid the formation of high PAH levels, the use of extruded charcoal and hazelnut shell charcoal should therefore be avoided when charcoal grilling beef steaks and beef patties, and low-fat meat products should be preferred.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.929-939
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing ratio of Gynura procumbens and milk in the preparation of beef patties. The experiment was designed according to the central composite design for estimating the response surface, demonstrating 10 experimental points including 2 replicates for Gynura procumbens and milk. The physical, mechanical and sensory properties of the test materials were measured, and a canonical form and perturbation plot were used to show the influence of each ingredient on the final product mixture. Results of the measurements showed significant increases or decreases in the following properties: dough moisture (p<0.05); beef patty a (p<0.001) and b (p<0.001); hardness (p<0.01), adhesiveness (p<0.05), chewiness (p<0.05), and gumminess (p<0.05). In addition, the sensory measurements showed significant improvements in color (p<0.001), flavor (p<0.05), greasy (p<0.05) and overall quality (p<0.05). The optimum formulation calculated from the numerical and graphical analysis was 1.75 g Gynura procumbens and 20.44 g of milk.