• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.617-625
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• 2016

Pastırma, a dry-cured meat product, is produced from the whole muscle and/or muscles obtained from certain parts of beef and water buffalo carcasses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of sodium nitrite on changes in the physicochemical and microbial quality during the production of pastırma. The changes in residual nitrite, salt, pH, moisture, thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances (TBARS), colour (L*, a*, b*), total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Micrococcus/Staphylococcus (M/S), mould-yeast (M-Y), and Enterobacteriaceae counts of pastırma with 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm sodium nitrite were determined during the production. The nitrite levels and the production stages had significant effects (p<0.01) on residual nitrite, TBARS, pH, salt, and colour values. The TBARS values of the pastırma with nitrite were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control. The final TAMB, LAB, M/S, and M-Y counts of pastırma with 150 ppm nitrite were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control. Also, the a* (relative redness) values of control pastırma were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the pastırma with nitrite. The production stages had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the moisture.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

Ion-exchange chromatography and ultra-filtration permeation were used to extract carnosine from the eel Anguilla japonica. In an investigation of its antioxidant properties, the eel carnosine prevented lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid systems, scavenged free radicals, and exhibited superoxide dismutase-like activity. These activities increased as the carnosine concentration increased. The nitrite scavenging effects (NSEs) of commercial carnosine and the eel carnosine were measured at various acidic pHs (1.2, 3.0, and 4.2). For both types of carnosine, the maximum NSE was observed at pH 1.2. At this pH, the NSE of the eel carnosine was 65.3%. Both types of carnosine were effective at maintaining reasonably good color of ground beef patties over 5 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ and inhibited metmyoglobin formation as well as lipid peroxidation. These data suggest that the eel carnosine might be useful as a "natural" antioxidant in commercial production and storage of muscle foodstuffs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1441-1448
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to study the carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus muscle (LM) of bulls (10) and steers (17) finished in a pasture system. Animals (1/2 Zebu vs. 1/2 Aberdeen Angus) were fed in a pasture system (Hermatria altissima) and with a supplement of soybean meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salts, twice a day. Both animal groups were slaughtered at 27 months of age, with an average 508.88 kg of live weight. Final weight, hot carcass weight and texture were similar (p>0.05) between bulls and steers. Carcass dressing, fat thickness, color and marbling were higher (p<0.02) in steers. Conversely, the Longissimus area was greater (p<0.05) in bulls. Moisture levels were higher (p<0.01) in bulls. Ash, crude protein, total lipids and total cholesterol levels were higher (p<0.10) in steers. C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7 and C18:1 n-9 fatty acids percentages were higher (p<0.06) in steers. C16-1 n-10, i 17:0, C19:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:2 n-3 C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:1 n-7, C22:4 n-6 and C22:5 n-3 fatty acids percentages were higher (p<0.05) in bulls. The percentage of the other fatty acids was similar (p>0.05) in bulls and steers. The levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were higher (p<0.02) in steers while polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3, n-6, PUFA/SFA and n6:n3 ratios, were higher (p<0.05) in bulls. The CLA contents (mg/g lipids) were similar (p>0.10) in bulls and steers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.599-606
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• 2002

본 연구는 등급판정시 객관적 평가를 하기 위해 등급판정 부위인 등심에 관한 성분의 표준을 정하고 본 부위에서의 도체의 성별간, 등급간의 특성을 규명하여 객관적인 육질 평가를 할 수 있는 품질요인을 찾아 그 기초 연구자료를 삼으며, 등급과 성별에 따라 실제 소비자들이 느끼는 품질의 특성을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 한우 등심에서의 성별간 등급간 이화학적 성분 비교를 위하여 근내지방 함량, myoglobin 함량, 전단력, 보수력, pH, 육색을 조사한 결과 근내지방도만이 등급에 따른 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 또한, 한우 도체에서 성별, 등급간 품질인자의 특성을 규명하려 했지만 성별, 등급별 특징을 짓는 품질요소간 유의성이 거의 없는 것으로 나타나 각각의 도체의 품질 특성을 나타내는 품질인자를 찾을 수 없었다. 한우 도체에서의 품질요인간의 상관도를 보면 수분 함량이 myoglobin 함량(0.514), 전단력(0.503)과 정(+)의 상관관계를 나타내었고, 근내지방도(－0.957), 보수력(－0.491)과는 부(－)의 상관관계를 나타내고 있었다. 근내지방도는 전단력과 부의 상관관계(－0.565)를 가지고 있었다. 신선육의 척도묘사 결과를 보면 aroma가 제일 높은 거세우 2등급에서 기호도도 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 조리육에서의 관능검사 결과를 보면 aroma, flavor, 다즙성, 연도 등이 기호도에 많은 영향을 끼치고 있음을 보여주었고, 신선육에서 느끼는 관능적 특성이 조리육에서도 같은 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 조리육의 관능검사 결과와 도체품질 요인간의 상관도를 보면 수분 함량은 다즙성과 연도, 기호도에 많은 영향(－)을 끼치는 것으로 나타났고, 지방 함량은 연도와 직접적인 상관은 없는 것으로 보여진다. 신선육의 관능검사 결과와 도체 품질요인과의 관계를 보면 육색이 육색소와 전단력에 영향(+)을 끼치고, 근내지방도는 산패취와 연관 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2003

평균체중 120kg 내외의 생후 5개월령 한우 27두를 외과적 수술로 거세를 실시한 후 대조구(볏짚 급여구) 10두와 시험구(마늘대 사일리지 급여구) 17두로 나누어 사양시험을 22개월 동안 실시하였다. 농후사료는 대조구에서 육성기, 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 1.34, 1.69 및 1.65%를 급여하였고 시험구에서는 1.47, 1.74 및 1.66%를 급여하였다. 조사료원으로 볏짚을 대조구에서 육성기, 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 1.37, 0.65 및 0.43%를 급여하였고 시험구에서는 1.38, 0.63 및 0.43%를 급여하였다. 또한 시험구에서는 마늘대 사일리지를 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 0.22 및 0.33%를 급여하였다. 본시험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 일당증체량은 전기간 동안 대조구와 시험구간에 각각 0.80 및 0.81kg으로 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P〉0.05). 농후사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구 각각 5.02kg 및 5.35kg으로 시험구가 약간 높았지만 유의적인 차이는 없었으며(P〉0.05), 조사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구 각각 2.58 및 3.58kg이었고, 사료효율은 대조구와 시험구가 각각 9.50 및 11.05로 차이는 없었다. 육량 등급은 마늘대 급여구가 약간 낮았지만 유의적인 차이는 없었고(P〉0.05), 육질 등급은 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 시험구가 약간 높았다. 쇠고기의 전단력은 마늘대 급여구가 볏짚 급여구보다 낮았다. 도체의 아미노산 조성은 필수 아미노산 및 비필수 아미노산 모두 처리구간에 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 도체의 지방산 조성 중 포화 지방산은 대조구가 약간 높았고, 불포화 지방산은 반대로 처리구가 약간 높았다. $\omega$-6과 $\omega$-3 지방산의 비율은 마늘대 급여구가 볏짚 급여구보다 좁아서 마늘대 급여가 불포화지방산중 oleic acid 함량이 볏짚 급여구에 비하여 더 높아서 근육 중의 지방산의 조성을 좋게 하는 것 같다. 두당 소득은 시험구가 대조구보다 22.54% 증가하였다. 이상의 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때 한우 거세우에 마늘대 사일리지를 비육기간 동안 급여하면 거세우의 증체에는 영향을 주지는 않지만, 한우 사육 농가에는 소득의 증대를 가져오므로 마늘대 사일리지를 조사료 공급원으로 급여하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

비육후기 돼지(LY $\times$ D, 90 kg 전후) 사료에 C는 대조구로 우지 5%, T1은 우지 3%에 들깨유를 2%우지 대체하였으며, T2는 T1에 비타민 E($\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate)를 250 ppm 첨가하였다. T3는 우지 3%에 오징어유를 2% 우지 대체하였으며, T4는 T3에 비타민 E를 250 ppm 첨가하였다. T5는 우지 3%에 CLA 2% 우지 대체 첨가 급여한 돼지의 생산 및 도체형 질을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 일당 증체량은 T2와 T3가 다른 구들보다 높았으며(P<0.05) 사료요구율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없으나 T2와 T3가 각각 3.71, 3.80으로 다소 양호하였다. 생체에서 등지방두께는 개시 체중시에는 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 출하체중 시에는 C가 다른 처리구들보다 유의적으로 두꺼워 개시체중 대비 출하체중 시의 등지방두께 증가폭 역시 C가 넓었다. 배최장근 단면적은 개시체중 시나 출하체중 시에는 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 증가면에서는 T5가 T2에 비해서 약 2배 정도인 13.35 $\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 혈액 중 Triglyceride함량은 C가 다른 처리구들보다 높았으며, T3, T4, T5가 유의적으로 낮았다(P<0.05). 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 처리구들간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 총 콜레스테롤 대비 HDL-콜레스테롤 비율은 비타민 E를 첨가하지 않은 구보다 첨가한 구들이 높게 나타났다. 동맥경화지수(AI: Atherogenic index)는 T3가 가장 높고 T2가 가장 낮았으며, 들깨유와 오징어유에 비타민 E 첨가로 낮아졌다. 도체형질에서 지육율과 등지방두께 및 등급은 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나(p>0.05) 등급에 있어 T2는 4.67, C와 T3는 4.29, T1과 T5는 4.00 수준이었다.operational requirements and typical plasma parameters have been determined. Large arrays of individual tiny sources can be used to form large-area, atmospheric-pressure plasma sources. The simplicity of the method and the capability of operation without the need for the usual vacuum system and its associated limitations, provide a highly attractive option for new approaches to many different kinds of plasma applications, including plasma surface modification technologies. Here we review the background work that has been carried out in this new research field.row$물엿으로 제조한 정과의 순으로 red에 가까웠다. b값(Yellowness)은 전처리한 동아 300g에 물 1$\ell$, 물엿 475$m\ell$을 넣고 5시간 동안 제조한 군이 가장 높아 yellow에 가까웠고 전체적으로 물엿$\longrightarrow$설탕과 꿀$\longrightarrow$물엿과 설탕으로 제조한 정과의 순으로 yellow에 가까웠다. 5. 관능검사에서 단단하다고 평가된 정과가 색도에서 적색도가 높았다. 관능검사에서 색이 좋다고 평가된 정과가 색도에서 붉은 빛과 황색을 나타냈다. 관능검사의 단단한 정도(Hardness)와 씹힘성(Chewinwss)은 기계검사의 Texture인 최대절단력(Maximum

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of different selenium (Se) sources on performance, carcass characteristics, blood measures (whole blood Se concentration and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity), and Se concentrations in tissues of finishing Hanwoo steers (Korean native steers). Twenty finishing Hanwoo steers (average body weight=536${\pm}$23.4 kg, average age=approximately 20 months) were allotted to treatments in four groups of five steers per pen for 16 weeks preceding slaughter. Treatments were control (CON), spent mushroom composts from Se-enriched mushrooms (Se-SMC), selenized yeast (Se-Y), and sodium selenite (SS). Dietary Se levels of all treatments except CON were 0.9 mg Se/kg on the dry matter basis. Body weight was measured at the first and final day of trial, and blood samples were collected to analyze whole blood Se concentration and plasma GSH-Px activity at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. At the end of trial, steers were slaughtered to collect muscle and liver samples for their Se analyses, and carcass data were recorded. In terms of dry matter intake, body weight gain and carcass characteristics, no significant differences among treatments were observed. Whole blood Se concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) for Se-SMC and Se-Y treatments than for CON at each collection period, with no significant difference between SS and CON. For weeks 2 and 8, there was no significant difference for whole blood Se concentration between Se-SMC and Se-Y, but for weeks 4 and 16, Se-Y treatments were significantly higher (p<0.05) than Se-SMC. No differences were observed for plasma GSH-Px activity between Se-SMC and Se-Y. The Se concentrations in hind leg and liver were significantly different among treatments (p<0.05) and those in both tissues ranked the greatest in Se-Y, followed by Se-SMC, SS, and CON treatments. However, tissue Se concentration for SS was not different from that for CON. These results showed that feeding organic Se sources such as Se-SMC and Se-Y enhanced Se concentration in tissues, while SS, the most common supplement of inorganic Se, was inefficient in Se deposition. Even though Se-Y had a higher Se concentration in tissues than Se-SMC, replacing Se-Y with Se-SMC in diets of beef steers would be an inexpensive way to increase Se concentration in beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the contents of vitamins A and E in carcass fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle, because the method of controlling the amount of vitamin A in feed has been used in the production of expensive beef with high marbling in Japan. We determined the contents of tocopherol and retinol in subcutaneous and perirenal fats for 40 carcasses of Japanese Black and F1 (Holstein${\times}$Japanese Black crossed) cattle that had been sent to market from 10 prefectures. In bovine fat, free ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was present in the greatest amount, the level of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol was about 10% and there was only a trace of ${\delta}$-tocopherol. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $0.68{\pm}0.33mg/100g$ and $0.54{\pm}0.23mg/100g$, respectively. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of retinol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $2.9{\pm}4.5{\mu}g/100g$ and $2.9{\pm}5.1{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Both vitamins differed widely between animals and were present at a relatively low level compared to other reports (${\alpha}$-tocopherol 2.4-5.4 mg/100 g fat tissue and $30-220{\mu}g/100g$ muscle tissue). The correlation coefficients between subcutaneous and perirenal fats for retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content were 0.97 (p<0.01) and 0.82 (p<0.01), respectively, which showed high correlation. However, the correlation coefficients between retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol contents for subcutaneous and perirenal fats were 0.11 and 0.08, respectively, which showed low correlation. Breed effect was observed in both vitamins. These results indicated that vitamins A and E in fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle under the vitamin A controlling method are present at relatively low levels and feeds need to be supplemented with vitamin E.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1015-1026
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• 2008

The influence of dietary beef tallow (BT) versus sunflower oil (SO) on meat quality and apparent digestibility and deposition of individual fatty acids in the whole carcass was investigated in pigs fed diets containing either BT or SO. The diets contained equal amounts of energy in the form of the variable fats and were fed on an iso-energetic, restricted basis. Crude fat in the SO diet was better digested (p<0.001) than in the BT diet. The dietary fat type had no effect on growth performance, physical properties of the carcass and meat quality. The pigs fed the BT diet showed lower (p<0.001) apparent digestibilities for palmitic and linoleic acid, but those of oleic and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid were not affected. The ratio of deposition in the carcass to intake of digestible fatty acids for the whole feeding period was decreased (p<0.01) for oleic and linoleic acid in pigs fed the SO diet. The pigs fed the SO diet instead of the BT diet had a lower (p<0.05) deposition:intake ratio for mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The calculated minimum de novo synthesis of saturated fatty acids was increased for the SO diet, but that of mono-unsaturated fatty acids was not different. In conclusion, the iso-energetic replacement of BT by SO had a marked impact on the fatty acid composition of tissues, but did not affect carcass and meat quality traits in spite of the marked difference in the deposition of linoleic acid in adipose tissues, loin muscle and the whole body. In addition, it became clear that the type of dietary fat had marked, specific effects on the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1083-1094
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• 2016

Carcass and price traits of 72,969 Hanwoo cows, bulls and steers aged 16 to 80 months at slaughter collected from 2002 to 2013 at 75 beef packing plants in Korea were analyzed to determine heritability, correlation and breeding value using the Multi-Trait restricted maximum likelihood (REML) animal model procedure. The traits included carcass measurements, scores and grades at 24 h postmortem and bid prices at auction. Relatively high heritability was found for maturity ($0.41{\pm}0.031$), while moderate heritability estimates were obtained for backfat thickness ($0.20{\pm}0.018$), longissimus muscle (LM) area ($0.23{\pm}0.020$), carcass weight ($0.28{\pm}0.019$), yield index ($0.20{\pm}0.018$), yield grade ($0.16{\pm}0.017$), marbling ($0.28{\pm}0.021$), texture ($0.14{\pm}0.016$), quality grade ($0.26{\pm}0.016$) and price/kg ($0.24{\pm}0.025$). Relatively low heritability estimates were observed for meat color ($0.06{\pm}0.013$) and fat color ($0.06{\pm}0.012$). Heritability estimates for most traits were lower than those in the literature. Genetic correlations of carcass measurements with characteristic scores or quality grade of carcass ranged from -0.27 to +0.21. Genetic correlations of yield grade with backfat thickness, LM area and carcass weight were 0.91, -0.43, and -0.09, respectively. Genetic correlations of quality grade with scores of marbling, meat color, fat color and texture were -0.99, 0.48, 0.47, and 0.98, respectively. Genetic correlations of price/kg with LM area, carcass weight, marbling, meat color, texture and maturity were 0.57, 0.64, 0.76, -0.41, -0.79, and -0.42, respectively. Genetic correlations of carcass price with LM area, carcass weight, marbling and texture were 0.61, 0.57, 0.64, and -0.73, respectively, with standard errors ranging from ${\pm}0.047$ to ${\pm}0.058$. The mean carcass weight breeding values increased by more than 8 kg, whereas the mean marbling scores decreased by approximately 0.2 from 2000 through 2009. Overall, the results suggest that genetic improvement of productivity and carcass quality could be obtained under the national scale breeding scheme of Korea for Hanwoo and that continuous efforts to improve the breeding scheme should be made to increase genetic progress.