• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.268-281
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of DHA-rich fish oil (DHA-rich oil) added to different dietary fats on lipid metabolism. Rats were fed perilla oil, sesame oil and beef tallow with or without DHA-rich oil for 12 weeks. The weight gain was higher in groups with DHA-rich oil than that of groups without DHA-rich oil, with DHA-rich oil, while weight of epididymal fat pad was lower in perilla oil and beef tallow groups with DHA-rich oil. The contents of total lipid and triglyceride in plasma were not affected by dietary fat types, but that of total and HDL cholesterol in plasma were higher in sesame oil group than perilla oil and beef tallow groups without DHA-rich oil. The contents of total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholestrol and LDL cholesterol in plasma were decreased by DHL-rich oil addition. The contents of total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride in the liver were not affected by dietary fat type. The contents of total cholesterol and triglyceride in the liver were not affected by dietary fat type. The contents of total lipid and TG in liver were not affected by DHA-rich oil addition while hepatic cholesterol increased by DHA-rich oil addition. The activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were highest in beef tallow group without DHA-rich oil and decreased by DHA-rich oil addition. Peroxisomal ${\beta}$-oxidation had an inverse relationship against the activities of lipogenic enzymes. In conclusion, dietary DHA-rich oil decreased fat accumulation and had hypolipidemic effect, especially in beef tallow group. Also groups with DHA-rich oil showed more hypolipidemic effect than perilla oil group. And DHA-rich oil addition to diets resulted in increasing dietary n-3/n-6 ratio. Therefore increase in n-3/n-6 ratio as well as dietary DHA were considered to be responsible for the hypolipidemic effect resulted from DHA-rich oil addition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.42-53
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• 1989

The research was designed to study the effect of different fat sources and levels on Body lipid metabolizm and immune responses in Sprague-Dawely strain male rats. These effect of different fat sources compared with sesame Oil, Perilla oil and Beet tallow. Fat sources were divided into 3 groups respectively 7%, 15%, 30% fat level on diet weight basis. The experimental period was 54days. 1) The body weight gain was significantly low in NF group. In Sesame oil group and perilla oil group, low fat level groups were higher than medium, high fat level groups. But in Beef tallow group, high fat level groups were higher than low and Medium groups. 2) The weight of liver, kidney and epididymal fat ped tend to increse with increasing body weight. 3) The contents of triglyceride and total lipid in serum were significantly different with dietary fat sources and Perilla oil group was the lowest. 4) The contents of triglyceride and total lipid in liver were significantly different with dietary fat levels and high fat level group was higher than low fat level group. 5) Perilla oil group, compared with Beef tallow group, showed the higher excretion of cholesterol through feces and the higher deposit of cholesterol in liver. Therefore serum cholesterol level of Perilla oil group was lower than that of Beef tallow group. But eventhough Sesame oil is vegetable oil, Sesame oil did not showed an effect like Perllia oil on serum cholesterol level. 6) Weight of thymus decreased with fat levels particularly in vegetale oil. And it had on effect on mitogen response, mitogen response decreased with fat level in vegetable oil. But in Beef tallow, there was no difference in fat level.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.63-76
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• 1994

사료의 n-3HUFA 함량이 $1.6\%$ 이상 함유되도록 조절한 3종의 실험 사료로 43g 전후의 조피볼락을 19주간 사육 실험한 후, 136g전후의 어체를 45일간 절식시켜 사료 지질원에 따른 조피볼락의 성장 및 체성분의 변화와 절식시 체내 대사를 조사하였다. 증중율, 사료 효율, 단백질 축적 효율 및 지질 축적 효율 모두 사료 지질원에 따른 유의차가 없었다$(P\geq0.05)$ 간과 등 근육의 총지질 중의 지방산은 사료 지질원의 조성비에 영향을 받아, monoene산은 우지 첨가구에, n-6계 지방산 (18:2n-6, 22:4n-6)들은 대두유 첨가구에, n-3계 지방산 (20 : 5n-3, 22 : 6n-3)들은 오징어 간유 단독 첨가구에 상대적으로 더 높게 조성되어 있었다. 전 어체 및 등 근육의 일반 성분은 실험구별로 차이가 없었으며, 간 중량비 및 내장 중량비도 차이가 없었다. 간과 내장의 수분 함량은 오징어 간유 구가 타 실험구에 비해 높았으며, 간지질 함량은 우지 첨가구가 가장 높았다. 간 중량비 및 내장 중량비는 모두 절식기간 중에 전체적으로 감소하였으며, 오징어 간유 구가 타 실험구에 비해 그 감소폭이 컸다. 절식 15일까지는 근육 단백질과 지질이 감소하였고, 그 후부터는 간의 글리코겐 함량이 감소하였으며, 내장 지질은 절식 기간 중 계속 감소하는 현상을 보여 절식 중에 이용되는 에너지원의 형태와 시기가 다르게 나타났다. 혈청 성분은 지질원에 따라 절식 기간별로 이동되는 형태가 약간 다르게 나타나기는 하였으나, 절식 기간이 길어짐에 따라 점차 그 차이는 없었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 1992

The purpose of the present survey was to evaluate the antibiotic residues in meats and internal organs such as muscle, liver, heart, kidney and spleen of cattle (n=59) and pigs (n=115). The EEC-4-plate-method were employed. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. In BS 6.0, BS 7.2 and BS 8.0 used as media to detect antibiotic residues, the zone($M{\pm}SD,$ cm) of bacterial growth inhibition was narrow($1.40{\pm}0$) in meats, whereas the zone was wide($1.69{\pm}0.25-1.88{\pm}0.23$ and $1.58{\pm}0.18-1.86{\pm}0.15$ in cattle and pigs, respectively) in internal organs. But in SL 8.0, it was difficult to detect the zones ($0-1.40{\pm}0$) of both meats and internal organs. 2. Residues of antibiotic in beef and pork were rarely detected in BS 6.0, BS 7.2 and BS 8.0 (range 1.7-11.9% and 2.6-4.3%, respectively), whereas residual percentages of internal organs were relatively higher(range 69.5-96.6% and 43.5-84.3%, respectively). But in SL 8.0, it was not detected in both beef or pork, whereas they were 0-13.6% and 0-4.3% in interanal organs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.408-419
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• 1991

The effects of various dietary fats on plasma lipids. liver lipids, and Plasma Peroxide levels were studied in rats fed for 6 wk with diets containing 15 wt% fat, as sesame oil. raw perilla seed oil. roasted perilla seed oil, heated perilla seed oil. mackerel oil or beef tallow. TBA values of these lipids during 4 wk storage, and linolenic acid contents of three kinds of perilla seed oil were also measured. Linolenic acid contents of raw perilla seed oil. roasted perilla seed oil and heated perilla seed oil were 62.3%, 61.6% and 53.1% respectively. Raw perilla seed oil showed the lowest rate of lipid peroxidation after 4 wk storage at 4$^{\circ}C$, and mackerel oil showed the highest peroxidation rate. The plasma cholesterol levels of rats consuming diets in which the carbohydrate was rice were not affected by n-3 PUFA. Rather, the degree of peroxidation seems to have a direct effect on cholesterol levels as shown by the hypocholesterolemic effect of raw perilla seed oil and beer tallow. However. the HDL-cholesterol level was greater in rats fed either roasted perilla seed oil or mackerel oil. Rats fed roasted perilla seed oil and raw perilla seed oil had lower levels of plasma triglycerides than rats fed beef tallow. In rats fed roasted perilla seed oil, the total lipid and cholesterol contents of liver were significantly lower than in those fed the other kinds of perilla seed oil. The plasma lipid peroxide levels were lower in rats fed either roasted perilla seed oil or beef tallow.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.467-476
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• 1990

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different fat diets on the serum lipid composition and on the morphology of liver tissue of the spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR), Rats were fed for 17 weeks one of four fat diets, control(corn oil : beef tallow=1:1), beef tallow, grapeseed oil and soybean oil. Blood was withdrawn by heart puncture from each SHR, and used to determine the serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, trigly ceride and phospholipid. No significant difference in body weight was observed in all diet groups. the total serum cholesterol was significantly lower in SHR fed grapeseed oil than that of other groups. The cholesterol lowering effect of grapeseed oil seemed to results from its high contents of phytosterol and linoleic acid. Also, serum HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid contents were low in all the groups. photochemical microscopic observations of the liver tissue revealed the congestion of sinosoid which is regarded as the characteristics of SHR, but no significant difference was observed among the groups.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.301-310
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to survey various recips of the roasted skewered beef (Sanjuk) with twenty three classical cookbooks written before 1943 in Korea. The recipes of the roasted skewered beef are found thirty times in the records, which can be classified into six groups such as the palm-type skewered beef (Sulhamyukjuk), little finger-type skewered beef, mixed skewered beef, juice skewered beef, little finger-type skewered internal organs, and wide-cut skewered internal organs. The palm-type skewered beef and the mixed skewered beef most frequently appeared in the records. The 'Sulhamyukjuk' in the 17th century were inherited while changing its name to 'Sanjuk' in the late 18th century, which is the origin of 'Bulkoki'. There were two types of the roasted skewered beef, the palm-type and the little finger-type; and the palm type preceded the little finger-type. They were used with no change until the 19th century. Actually the roasted skewered beef existed even in the 16th century, but were put down in the early 17th century. In the cooking of 'Sulhamyukjuk' the process of dipping shortly into cold water in the midst of roast seems to absolutely disappeared. Some recipes of the roasted skewered beef were lost, but most have been inherited in the similar way with simplification including little use of internal organs. The main ingredients consisted of parts of cattle such as fresh meat, intestines, heart, liver, omasum, tripe, head, sweet bread, and lung with various vegetables and mushroom. And the main seasonings were mixtures of oil, soy sauce, sesame seed powder, scallion stalk, pepper, sesame seed oil, and salt. And sometimes wine, vinegar, ginger, garlic, and sugar were added.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.386-393
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• 1997

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different dietary lipids on the risk factors of coronary vascular disease(CVD) in ovariectomized rats. female rats of Sprague-Dawley stram were divided into sham-operated(sham) and ovariectomized(ovx) groups and then each group was divided into a beef fallow group, a soy bean oil group and a fish oil group. After 16 weeks of feeding on experimental diets, animals were sacrificed and blood, liver, kidney and perirenal fat pad were obtained. Food intake and weight gain of fish oil group were significantly lower than other dietary lipid groups. food intake and weight gain tended to be higher in ovx groups than in sham groups. The weight Index(g/100g body weight) of liver and kidney was higher in the fish oil group than the other groups and weight index was lower in ovx groups compared to sham groups. The weight of the perirenal fat pad was the highest in the beef tallow group and the lowest in the fish oil group. The fish oil group showed the lowest total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in serum. Serum TG levels were lower in all ovx groups than in sham groups, but serum TC levels were not influenced by ovariectomy. fatty acid composition of serum reflects the recent dietary Intake of fat. Linoleic acid content was tile highest in soy bean oil group and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) contents were the highest in fish oil group. fatty acid composition of adipose tissue, especially EPA and DHA contents in perirenal fat pad, was highest in the fish oil group. Saturated fatty acid(SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) in serum and adipose tissue did not reflect fatty acid intake. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a lipogenic enzyme, in the blood of the beef tallow and soybean oil groups showed the tendency to be high and that of the fish oil group to be low in ovx. Carnitine acetyltransferase, a lipolytic enzyme, showed the highest activity in the liver of the fish oil group and was least active in the soy bean oil group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.119-130
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• 1993

본 시험은 Sprague-Dawley 계통 흰쥐 수컷에게 지방의 종류와 식이급여 횟수를 달리하면서 급여하였을 때 성장 및 지방대사에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 4종류의 지방(팜유, 우지, 대두유 및 경화대두유) 및 2종류의 식이급여형태(ad-libitum, 4$\times$meal feeding)를 달리하여 4$\times$2 요인시험으로 실시하였다. 4주간 시험식이를 ad-libitum(AL)군은 식이를 제한없이 자유롭게 섭취하도록 하였으며, meal feeding(MF)군은 1일 1회 즉, 09:00~12:00까지만 식이를 제한없이 급여하였다. 사양시험 종료후 간조직에서의 콜레스테롤합성 능력을 알아보기 위해 흰쥐의 간조직을 채취하여 in vitro 배양 시험을 실시하였다. 또한 간과 지방조직에서의 지방합성 및 분해 능력을 알아보기 위해 사양시험이 끝난 흰쥐의 간과 지방조직을 채위하여 in vitro 세포배양에서의 지방합성 능력과 지방분해 능력을 측정하였다. 본 시험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 성장하는 흰쥐의 증체량, 식이섭취량 및 식이효율은 AS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil)군이 다른군에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향은 받지 않고, 식이급여형태에 의한 차이를 보여 MF군이 AL군에 비해 식이섭취량이 감소하였고, 중체량도 60%정도로 유의성있게(p<0.05)감소했다. 2) 간조직의 콜레스테롤합성 능력은 식이급여형태에 의한 차이를 보여 MF군이 AL군에 비해 간조직의 콜레스테롤합성 능력이 증가되는 경향을 (p<0.001) 보였는데 특히 불포화도가 높은 대두유군에서 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가되었다. 3) 간조직의 in vitro 지방합성 능력은 MP(meal feeding+palm oil)군이 AP(ad-libitum+palm oil)군보다, MHS(meal feeding+hydrogenated soybean oil)군이 AHS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil)군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가했고, AB(ad-libium+beef tallow)군과 MB(meal feeding+beef tallow)군에서 지방합성 능력이 현저하게 증가되는 경향을(p<0.05)보였다. 식이급여형태나 식이지방의 종류에 대한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 간조직에서의 in virto 지방분해 능력은 MF군이 AL군에 비해 유의하게(P<0.001) 증가했고, 식이지방의 종류에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 4) 지방조의 in vitro 시험에 의하면 MF식이가 AL식이에 비해 지방합성 능력이 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가하였으나, 지방분해 능력은 저하되었다(p<0.001). 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향을 받아 우지군이 다른 지방군에 비해 지방합성 능력이 유의성있게(p<0.001) 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 지방분해 능력은 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.202-210
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• 2013

This study elucidated the effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth, plasma profile, and gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes and visfatin in the liver of Hanwoo beef calves. The purpose of this study was to test that reducing the amount of concentrate would partially be compensated by increasing the intake of forage and by altering the metabolic status. The study utilized 20 Korean native beef calves (Hanwoo; 60 to 70 d of age) divided into two groups of 10 calves each for 158 d. Control group calves received the amount of concentrate as per the established Korean feeding standards for Hanwoo, whereas calves in the restricted group only received half the amount of concentrate as per standard requirements. Good quality forage (Timothy hay) was available for ad libitum consumption to both groups. Since calves were with their dam until 4 months of age in breeding pens before weaning, the intake of milk before weaning was not recorded, however, the concentrate and forage intakes were recorded daily. Body weights (BW) were recorded at start and on 10 d interval. Blood samples were collected at start and at 50 d interval. On the final day of the experiment, liver biopsies were collected from all animals in each group. The BW was not different between the groups at all times, but tended to be higher (p = 0.061) only at final BW in control than restricted group. Total BW gain in the control group was 116.2 kg as opposed to 84.1 kg in restricted group that led to average BW gain of 736 g/d and 532 g/d in respective groups, and the differences were significant (p<0.01). As planned, the calves in the control group had higher concentrate and lower forage intake than the restricted group. The plasma variables like total protein and urea were higher (p<0.05) in control than restricted group. The mRNA expressions for the gluconeogenic enzymes such as cytosolic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), and visfatin measured by quantitative real-time PCR in liver biopsies showed higher expression (p<0.05) in restricted group than control. Overall, restricting concentrate severely reduced the growth intensity and affected few plasma indices, and gene expression in liver was increased indicating that restricting concentrate in the feeding schemes during early growth for beef calves is not advocated.