• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1063-1069
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• 1999

Wheat straw samples (3-4 cm) were sprayed with solutions of urea (U) alone or with a dry addition of garden soil (GS), midden soil (MS), soya bean meal (SM) or jack bean meal (JM) as crude urease sources and with a pure urease (UR) enzyme. Each of the urease sources was included at two levels: 30 and 60 g/kg except pure urease, which was added at a level of 2.5 & 5.0 g/kg treated straw dry matter. Untreated straw without urease source was used as a control. After treatment, samples were sealed in polythene bags and stored for 2, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days at $19{^{\circ}C}$. The urease sources, their levels and treatment time produced significant effects on ammonia production (p<0.01). The addition of urease offered more flexibility in hydrolyzing urea in the shortest possible time. Incorporation of soya bean and jack bean meal was effective in reducing the modified acid detergent fiber (MADF) content of straw and the same time increasing organic matter (OM) digestibility. Overall effect, addition of soya bean to urea at a ratio of 1:1 appeared to be the most satisfactory urease source for the treatment of urea and wheat straw.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.670-676
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed the utensils, covers and mats that were used for making meju, the shape of meju, and the heating method used for making meju from the 225 ways of preparing jang mentioned in the 32 volumes of the ancient cook books from 530 AD to 1950. The heating method of traditional meju bean and starch included 57 kinds of steaming, 59 of boiling, 21 of roasting + boiling, and 2 of cooking. The shape of meju included 41 kinds of egg, 27 of ball, 22 of lump, a kind of doughnut, 8 kinds of hilt, 6 of flat, 4 of chip, and a kind of square. Among the 72 gochoojang meju, the heating method of bean included 9 kinds of boiling, and 6 kinds of steaming; whereas the heating method of starch included 19 kinds of steaming of dough, 11 of rice cooking, and 5 of boiling of dough. The utensils for molding of bean meju were 49 kinds of straw sack, 14 of round straw container, 11 of heating bed, 7 of large straw bowl or Japanese-snailseed, 5 of jar, 4 of ditch, 3 of straw bowls, 2 of pottery steamer of dough, 2 of gourd, and a kind of long round bamboo bowl and sack of straw. The cover and the mat used for molding of meju included 36 kinds of straw, 17 kinds of paper mulberry leaf, 15 of wide straw seat, 14 of mugwort, 11 of pine tree leaf, 10 of soybean leaf, 6 of cocklebur leaf, 6 of sumac leaf, 6 of barley straw, 6 of mulberry leaf, 5 of fallen leaf, 5 of cogon grass, 4 of reed seat, 3 of scrap of cloth, 2 of Indian bean tree leaf, a kind of reed. There were only 5 kinds of hanging.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1221-1229
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• 2018

Objective: A study was conducted to evaluate the varietal differences among faba bean straws and also to assess the potentials of faba bean straws supplemented with concentrate fed at the rate 70% straws and 30% concentrate mixture on feed intake, digestibility, body weight gain and carcass characteristics of the animals. Methods: Forty yearling Arsi-Bale sheep with initial body weight of $19.85{\pm}0.29kg$ (mean${\pm}$standard deviation) were grouped in a randomized complete block design into eight blocks of five animals each based on their initial body weight. Straws included in the study were from Mosisa (T1M), Walki (T2W), Degaga (T3D), Shallo (T4S), and local (T5L) varieties of faba bean and concentrate (2:1 ratio of wheat bran to "noug" seed cake). The experiment consisted of seven days of digestibility and 90 days of feeding trials followed by evaluation of carcass parameters at the end. Results: Local variety had lower (p<0.05) in grain and straw yield compared to improved varieties but higher in crude protein, metabolizable energy contents and in vitro organic matter digestibility. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of sheep fed Walki and Mosisa straws were higher than (p<0.05) straws from Shallo varieties. Sheep fed Walki straw had greater (p<0.05) dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency than sheep fed local and Shallo straws. Slaughter body weight and empty body weight were higher (p<0.05) for sheep fed Mosisa and Walki straws as compared to sheep fed Shallo straws. Apart from this, the other carcass components were not affected (p>0.05) by variety of the faba bean straws. Conclusion: There is significant varietal differences between faba bean straws both in quality and quantity. Similarly, significant variation was observed in feed intake, digestibility, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency among sheep fed different straws of faba bean varieties with concentrate supplement. Based on these results, Walki and Mosisa varieties could be recommended as pulse crop rotation with cereals in the study area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1048-1053
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• 2017

Objective: The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of cacao bean husk as bedding material in free-stall barn on the behavior, productivity, and udder health of dairy cattle, and on the ammonia concentrations in the barn. Methods: Four different stall surfaces (no bedding, cacao bean husk, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw) were each continuously tested for a period of 1 week to determine their effects on nine lactating Holstein cows housed in the free-stall barn with rubber matting. The lying time and the milk yield were measured between d 4 and d 7. Blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration and teat swabs for bacterial counts were obtained prior to morning milking on d 7. The time-averaged gas-phase ammonia concentrations in the barn were measured between d 2 and d 7. Results: The cows spent approximately 2 h more per day lying in the stalls when bedding was available than without bedding. The milk yield increased in the experimental periods when cows had access to bedding materials as compared to the period without bedding. The lying time was positively correlated with the milk yield. Bacterial counts on the teat ends recorded for cows housed on cacao bean husk were significantly lower than those recorded for cows housed without bedding. Ammonia concentration under cacao bean husk bedding decreased by 6%, 15%, and 21% as compared to no bedding, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw, respectively. The cortisol concentration was lowest in the period when cacao bean husk bedding was used. We observed a positive correlation between the ammonia concentrations in the barn and the plasma cortisol concentrations. Conclusion: Cacao bean husk is a potential alternative of conventional bedding material, such as sawdust or chopped wheat straw, with beneficial effects on udder health and ammonia concentrations in the barns.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1460-1465
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effects of total mixed fermentation (TMF) with bean curd dregs on body weight gain, feed intake and body size of growing Hanwoo heifers. Thirty Hanwoo heifers, 6 months of age and weighing $125.9{\pm}12.0$ kg, were randomly allocated to 3 experimental groups of 10 animals each for a 6-month feeding trial. The groups were T1 (rice straw offered ad libitum with restricted (1.7% BW/day) concentrate), T2 (TMF only offered ad libitum) and T3 (TMF and rice straw offered ad libitum with restricted (1.0% BW/day) concentrate). TMF feeds were composed of 60% bean curd dregs, 16.5% corn meal, 10.4% wheat bran, 5% rice straw, 7% rice hulls, 0.5% urea matter, 0.5% magnesia lime and 0.1% lactic acid bacteria. The chemical composition and pH value of TMF feeds were measured at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hr after storage. In TMF with bean curd dregs, there were no differences in concentrations of DM, EE, and CF according to storage periouds. The ADF and NDF at 72 hr of storage time showed a significant decrease (9.52 and 3.15 %, respectively) compared to 0h of storage time (p<0.05). The value of pH was gradually decreased during the storage periods. Body weight gain, feed intake and average daily gain were higher in the TMF groups (T2, T3) compared to the T1 group (p<0.05). Changes in body size were also higher in the TMF groups compared to the T1 group (p<0.05). Thus, the present results indicate that TMF with bean curd dregs may help improve growth performance in growing Hanwoo heifers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 1982

A field experiment was conducted to compare the effects of compost and rice straw application on the growth of soybean, chemical properties and soil microorganism in newly reclaimed silty clay loamy upland soil. Application rates of the arganic materials were 750 Kg, 1,500 Kg and 3,000 Kg/10a in compost, and 340 Kg, 680 Kg and 1,360 Kg/10a in rice straw. The differences of N.P.K. application rates caused by the two different organic materials were balanced by chemical fertilizers of N.P.K. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. The yield of soybean was increased upon compost application, but no significant difference on yield was observed except luxuriant plant growth upon rice straw application. 2. There was highly possitive correlation between concentration of phosphorous, potassium in soybean plant at 71 days after planting and dry weight of grain vs. stem plus bean chaff of harvest plant in compost applied plots, but no correlation was found in rice straw applied plots. 3. In greneral, the soil water contents in organic material applied plots, expecially in plots of rice straw, were higher than in no organic material plots. However, at wilting point, the soil water content in organic material applied plot was lower compare to no organic material plot. 4. The weight of nodules per soybean plant was heavier notwithstanding the fewer number of soil bacteria and fungi in compost application plots than rice straw application plots.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a rice straw-derived Bacillus cereus (B. cereus)-free starter culture for traditional soybean fermented products using a B. cereus-specific bacteriophage, BCP8-2. To determine the optimal medium that supports the growth of rice straw-derived microorganisms and BCP8-2 activity, 5 different culture media were tested. The 5% ground bean (GB) medium was selected for further study. No B. cereus was detected in the BCP8-2-treated rice straw in GB medium, whereas B. cereus at a level of $10^7$ CFU/mL was recovered in the no-phage control. The total bacterial count reached approximately $10^9$ CFU/mL regardless of phage addition. When the 16S rRNA sequence-based microbial community was monitored using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and pyrosequencing, a similar microbial community was observed in the phage-treated and control samples. In conclusion, we demonstrate that phage can be used to prepare a rice straw-derived B. cereus-free starter culture with minimal effect on natural microflora.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.74-85
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• 1971

A study was carried out to investigate the bacteria during the Chung-Kook-Jang fermentation. The results were summarized as follows ; 1) The bacteria were isolated total 65 strains from the Natrual Chung-Kook-Jang fermentation in $37^{\circ}C$ incubator ; 37 strains from sample K with rise straw and 28 strains from sample steamed soy bean only. 2) In first screening, 15 strains were selected by super protease among them ; 8 strains from K and 7 strains from S. 3) In second screening, No. K-27 and No.S-16 were selected as the best strains for the Chung Kook-Jang fermentation. by panel-test among the first screenings. 4) No. K-27 and No. S-16, the selected best strains were classified nad identified as variation of Bacillus subtilis by Bergey's manual.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate into the dyeability of ramie fabrics using the extract of native plant, red-dye madder (Rubia akane Nakai) in different conditions. Surface color of ramie fabrics dyed with extracts from red-dye madder plants showed an order of descent YR. However, it was changed by the different mordants. Surface color of ramie fabrics treated with FeSO$_4$, SnCl$_4$, and tartaric acid was an order of descent Y, and that treated with the ashes of common camellia, and bean straw was an order of descent R. At higher temperatures, surface color and coloring matter concentration of ramie fabrics were as follows that values of a increased, however, values of b decreased and values of L lowered. Coloring matter concentration increased in the order of 7$0^{\circ}C$, 9$0^{\circ}C$, and 6$0^{\circ}C$, and so on. Dyeing colors on the ramie fabrics showed an order of descent Y by pH 4 and 9 in dyestuffs solutions. Coloring matter concentration in terms of K/S values, more or less, was increased at strong acids. Surface color by the concentration of dyestuffs solutions showed an order of descent YR irrelevant to the concentration of dyestuffs solutions. Coloring matter concentration was increased at higher concentrations of dyestuffs solutions. Ten minutes was sufficient for the dyeing of ramie fabrics in terms of surface color and coloring matter concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to predict the energy value and dynamic degradation of roughage in Taiwan using the $Daisy^{(R)}$. in vitro fermentation method to provide information on one of the very important nutrients for ration formulation. The second objective was to study the effects of Aspergillus oryzae (AFE) inclusion on nutrient utilization. Three ruminal fistulated dry dairy cows were used for rumen fluid and fifteen conventional forages used in dairy cattle were collected around this island. The degradability of these feedstuffs with and without AFE ($Amaferm^{(R)}$.) treatment was measured using the $Daisy^{(R)}$. in vitro method. The roughage energy values, including TDN and NEL, were calculated according to Robinson (2000). Results from the 30 h in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability and predicted energy evaluations showed that alfalfa (among the forages) contained the highest degradability and energy values, Bermuda straw having the lowest. Peanut vines and corn silage contained higher energy values and the lowest value found in Pangola and Napier grasses among the locally produced forages. Pangola and Napier grasses had lower values than most imported forages except Bermuda straw. Among the by-products, wheat middling contained the highest NDF degradability, while rice bran contained the richest energy value due to its high oil content. From the dynamic dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation, corn silage contained the highest effective degradation among the local forages; wheat middling (among the by-products) degraded the fastest in DM, OM, ADF and NDF and showed the highest effective degradability. AFE inclusion was inconsistent among the forages. Alfalfa hay showed significantly increased 30 h NDF degradability and energy values, Pangola hay, Napier grass and brewer's grains showed decreased degradability and energy values. AFE inclusion increased the DM, OM and NDF degradation rate in most forage, but only increased the DM degradation rate in sorghum distiller's grains, the OM degradation rate in bean curd pomace and the NDF and ADF degradation rates in soy pomace (among the by-products).