• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.592-600
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• 2012

Social reactions to body exposure in American leisure wear (bathing suits, shorts, and halters) in the 1930s were analyzed to provide an understanding of the process of adopting more abbreviated and less-occasion specific styles of garments in women's fashion. The research questions were as follow: How did women expose their bodies in leisure wear during the 1930s? How did the social reaction to women's body exposure in leisure wear change throughout the 1930s? How did the body exposure in women's leisure wear play a significant role in the history of women's fashion? Primary sources were collected from issues of The New York Times published in the 1930s. Topics including dress, fashion, ethics, social ethics, and sexual ethics, were reviewed in The New York Times indices. The findings were analyzed and interpreted with reference to secondary sources that included books and research papers. The results showed that the body exposure of the styles as well as the place where these styles were worn was a public issue. Women were criticized and regulated for body exposure as well as for wearing bathing suits, shorts, and halters on the streets. However, the social regulations that restricted bathing suit styles almost disappeared by the end of the decade. This represented the change of social expectations toward body exposure in the 1930s. In addition, reports of laws that forbade the wearing of bathing suits, halters, and shorts outside of beaches, pools, and parks indicated women's increased attempts to expose their bodies in public places. However, reactions to women's body exposure in leisure wear changed to accept more flexibility in the social customs throughout the decade. These phenomena were a partial step toward the popularization of less occasion-specific styles - sportswear - that took place in the 20th century.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1929-1932
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• 2005

We investigated the activities of autonomic nervous system during foot bathing. The effect of foot bathing was evaluated for four subjects by observing the characteristic of heart rate variability and bodily temperatures. The foot bathing was done with a commercial foot spa (Duches Co.) utilizing the four functional modes of the spa for two different temperatures of $35^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$. The four functional modes were clam, vibration, air bubbles, and both vibration and air bubbles. The experimental results showed that the temperature of foot and that of face right after foot bathing were not that different from each other. But, for heart rate variability, the activation of parasympathetic nerve showed distinctive increase at $40^{\circ}C$ of water temperature. In the analysis of heart rate variability for different functional modes, the change was not distinctive for different modes at $35^{\circ}$ of water temperature. However, at $40^{\circ}C$, the activation of sympathetic nerve showed distinctive increases with the increase in the complexity of functional modes.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of daily 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing on the acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) and healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in a medical intensive care unit (MICU). Methods: The study was a randomized controlled group posttest only design, involving 91 patients in MICU at a tertiary hospital (47 patients in the experimental group and 44 patients in the control group). The 2% CHG bathing was performed daily according to bathing protocol to the patients in the experimental group, and traditional bath was performed every three days to those in the control group. Fisher's exact test and x2 test were used to analyze the data. Results: MDRO were found in 6 patients of the experimental group and in 15 patients of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p= .016). HAI occurred in 2 patients of the experimental group and in 7 patients of the control group. The difference was not statistically significant (p= .084). Conclusion: The results confirmed that daily bathing with CHG was effective in reducing the incidence of MDRO acquisition. Therefore, it is expected that daily bathing with CHG will be used as an effective nursing intervention to reduce the incidence of MDRO acquisition.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2018

Sauna, or hanjeung (汗蒸) is a physical sweating method that uses external heat to forcibly raise body temperature to treat cold damage disorders (傷寒) in traditional Korean medicine. This study focuses on the fact that the sauna was recorded as a healing and bathing method on the Vinaya Pitaka (律藏), and investigates the records of folk sauna therapy of Joseon Dynasty from the perspective of Buddhist medicine which played a significant role in ancient medicine history in Korea. Although the word 'hanjeung (汗蒸)' first appeared in "The Veritable Records of King Sejong (世宗實錄)" in the Korean literature, this study aims to confirm the possibility that the tradition of Buddhist sauna bathing has already existed since the Three Kingdoms period in Korea, based on the fact that sauna bathing was recorded in the Vinaya Pitaka and that the ancient Buddhist bathing culture was introduced in ancient Japan. In addition, the succession of the Buddhist sauna tradition by Goryeo will be traced back through the records of 1920s urban saunas in Gaesung (개성) which was the old capital of Goryeo and had a strong tendency to adhere to traditional Goryeo customs. Finally, the study tries to identify the elements of the Buddhist sauna bathing on the records of folk sauna therapy in the Joseon Dynasty. As a result, this study examines how the Buddhist sauna bathing culture in ancient Korea, which was led by medical monks, spread in the general public and influenced the folk sauna therapy in the Joseon Dynasty.

• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2018

목적: 제주도 교래자연휴양림을 탐방한 대상자들 중 49명은 삼림욕을 한 후에 스트레스와 누적스트레스의 변화를 측정하였고, 또한 대상자들 중 85명은 설문을 통해서 직무스트레스, 사회 심리적 스트레스 및 상태불안감의 해소 등에 대한 설문을 하여 스트레스 수준의 변화를 조사하는 것이 목적이었다. 방법: 유비맥파기를 이용하여 스트레스의 수준을 측정하였고, 설문을 실시하여 데이터를 도출하였다. 결과: 삼림욕 후 스트레스 수준의 변화에서는 대조군은 사후에 스트레스가 증가하여 유의성이 없었고, 실험군은 사전보다 사후에 감소하여 유의성이 있었다(p<.043). 또한 분산분석에서는 그룹간에는 유의성이 있었고(p<.049), 그룹과 사전사후의 평균치에서도 유의성이 있었다( p<.048). 누적 스트레스의 변화에서는 실험군은 사전보다 사후에 감소하여 유의성이 있었다(p<.02). 또한 분산분석에서는 그룹간에서는 유의한 감소차이가 있었고(p<.047), 그룹과 사전사후 간에서도 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.002). 전체적으로 직무스트레스의 설문의 경우에 사전보다 사후에는 감소하여 유의성이 있었다(p<.001).물리환경 및 직무요구도는 유의성이 없었다. 직무자율성, 관계갈등, 조직체계 불공정성, 보상부적절 및 직장문화의 경우에도 스트레스가 감소하여 유의성이 있었다(p<.001). 사회 심리적 스트레스 및 상태특성 불안감은 사전보다 사후에 감소하여 유의성이 있었다(p< .001). 결론: 교래자연휴양림에서 삼림욕을 한 후에는 스트레스와 불안감도 모두 감소하여 유의성이 있게 나타나서 스트레스 해소를 위한 자연치유 장소로서 크게 도움이 되는 기초정보를 제공하고 있다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1395-1396
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• 2010

• Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.957-963
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• 2015

Objective To compare the pain-reducing effect of forest bathing alone versus forest bathing in combination with stretching and strengthening exercises in patients with chronic posterior neck pain. Methods Sixty-four subjects with posterior neck pain that had lasted more than 3 months were enrolled. They were randomly divided into a forest bathing alone (FBA) group and a forest bathing with exercise (FBE) group; each group included 32 subjects. All subjects from both groups walked every morning in the forest for about 2 hours for 5 days. In the afternoon, the FBE group did a stretching and strengthening exercise for about 4 hours; the FBA group had free time in the woods. Visual analog scale (VAS) on one day, VAS over the previous week, neck disability index (NDI), EuroQol 5D-3L VAS (EQ VAS) and index (EQ index), McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), the number of trigger points in the posterior neck region (TRPs), and the range of motion of the cervical spine were evaluated on the first and last day of the program and compared between the two groups. Results The number of TRPs were significantly reduced in the FBE group compared with the FBA group (p=0.013). However, the other scales showed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion When patients with chronic posterior neck pain underwent a short-term forest bathing (less than 7 days) program, FBE was more effective in the reduction of the number of TRPs than FBA. However, all other pain measurement scales we evaluated showed no statistically significant difference between the two protocols.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.301-310
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• 1998

Recently, bathes have been suspected to an Important source of indoor exposure to volatile organic compounds(VOCs). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate chloroform exposure and corresponding body burden by exposure routes while bathing. Another experiment was conducted to ekamine the chloro- form dose during dermal exposure and the chloroform decay In breath after dermal exposure. The chioroform dose was determined based on exhaled breath analysis. The ekamine breath concentration measured after normal baths (2.8 Vg/$m^3$) was approxidmately 13 tomes higher that measured prior to normal bathes (0.2 ug/$m^3$). Based on the means of the normalized post exposure chloroform breath concentration. the dermal exposure was estimated to contribute to 74% of total chloroform body burden while bathing. The Internal dose from bathing (Inhalation plus dermal) was comparable to the dose ostimated Srom dally water Ingestion. The rusk associated 10 a weekly, 30-min bath was estimated to be 1 x 10.5, while the rusk firom dally Ingestion of tap water was to be $0.5{\times}0^{-5} for 0.151 and 6.5{\times}10^{-5}$ for 2. 0 1. Chloroform breath concentration Increased gradually during the 60 minute dermal exposure. The breath decay after the dermal exposure showed two-phase mechanism, with early raped decay and the second slow decay. The mathematical model was developed to describe the relationship between water and air chloroform concentrations, with $R^2$ : 0.4 and p<0.02.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제35권
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• pp.59-78
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• 2014

This article is written on the ground that one of the major characteristics of Chinese New Period women's novels is about family dissolution and calling and it is examined based on analysis of "The Bathing Woman" by Tie Ning. In "The Bathing Woman", the family seems 'Regular' externally but it is actually fragmented internally. The author offers patriarchal perspective on 'Family' from the eyes of daughter of the family. The problems are classified into three categories. First, it is the problem of exclusiveness embedded in the essential characteristic of family represented by blood relation. Second, it is the research on the reason for family dissolution. Tie Ning finds the reason at 'Unmotherly mother, that is the lack of maternal instinct. Third, it is the expectation of the restoration of dissolved family. Tie Ning's indication of 'Family' is equal to 'Mother' and 'Mother' is the source and power that can heal and restore the dissolved family in her novel. It is expansion of maternal instinct represented by protection and caring into 'Practical action' and it is meaningful in a way that it expands the principle of maternal instinct and sublimates it into universal morality. However, it should not be overlooked that it could be another moral system that could suppress the females in other ways.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.277-284
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• 1995

일반 가정의 염소 처리된 수소수 사용과 관련되 클로로포롬 노풀을 확인 할 필요성에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 삼십분 동안의 정상적인 목욕이 아파트의 한 욕실에서 두명의 자원자에 의해서 10차례 행해졌다. 클로로포름 농도가 물과 욕실 공기 및 목욕 전후에 피실험자의 호기로부터 측정되었다. 염소처리 수도수를 사용하여 목욕을 했을 \ulcorner\ulcorner 클로로포름에 대한 노출이 일어났고, 인체 부담도 야기되었다. 목욕 전후에 채취된 호기 시료의 농도차에 기초하여. 한번의 30분 목욕으로 부터 야기되는 클로로포름에 대한 인체부담은 목욕전에 비하여 8배 내지 26배가 되는 것으로 산정 되었다. 이와같은 인체부담을 설명하기 위해서 측정된 물과 욕실공기내의 클로로포름 농도는 각각 $9.4\mu\textrm{g}/l$ 및 $14.9\mu\textrm{g}/m^3$ 이었다. 이러한 욕셀 공기내의 클로로포름 농도는 거실공기 보다 34배 내지 130배 가량 높게 나타났다. 욕실공기와 해당 호기에서의 클로로포름의 농도 관계는 p=0.03 와 $R^2=0.47$의 조건에서 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.