GOCI-II 기반 저염분수 산출과 태풍 힌남노에 의한 시간별 염분 변화 (GOCI-II Based Low Sea Surface Salinity and Hourly Variation by Typhoon Hinnamnor)
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- 대한원격탐사학회지
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- 제39권6_2호
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- pp.1605-1613
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- 2023
해양 내의 다양한 물리적 변화는 수온과 염분의 지속적인 변동에 의해 결정된다. 수온과 더불어 넓은 영역의 염분 변화를 파악하기 위해서는 인공위성 자료에 의존할 수밖에 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 염분을 관측하는 위성인 Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)는 낮은 시·공간 해상도로 인해 연안 근처에서 빠르게 변화하는 해양환경을 관측하기에는 어렵다는 한계가 존재한다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해 본 연구에서는 천리안 해양 관측 위성의 정지궤도 해색 센서인 Geostationary Ocean Color Imager-II (GOCI-II) 원격반사도 자료를 입력자료로 하여 고해상도 표층 염분을 산출하는 Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network (MPNN) 기반의 알고리즘을 개발하였다. SMAP과 비교한 결과 coefficient of determination (R2)는 0.94, root mean square error (RMSE)는 0.58 psu 그리고 relative root mean square error (RRMSE)는 1.87%였으며, 공간적인 분포 또한 매우 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. R2의 공간 분포는 0.8 이상을 보여주었으며 RMSE는 전반적으로 1 psu 이하의 낮은 값을 보여주었다. 이어도 과학기지에서의 실측 염분값과도 비교하였지만 상대적으로 조금 낮은 결과를 보여주었다. 이에 대한 원인을 분석하였으며, 산출된 GOCI-II 기반 고해상도 염분 자료를 활용하여 2022년 11호 태풍 힌남노에 의한 하루 동안의 동중국해 표층 염분 변화를 표준편차로 계산하였다. 그 결과 SMAP에서 관측할 수 없는 시공간의 염분 변화를 고해상도의 GOCI-II 기반 염분 산출물을 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 시간 단위로 변화하는 해양환경 모니터링에 큰 기여를 할 것으로 기대된다.
목적: 본 연구의 목적은 인공폐경이 갑상선암, 유방암, 자궁경부암 진단에 미치는 영향을 규명하여, 여성의 암 예방과 조기진단을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 것이다. 방법: 2011년-2020년 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 2011년-2020년 국민건강영양조사 조사대상자 79,262명 중 남성, 18세 이하, 80세 이상, 건강설문 미참여자, 결측치, 폐경 상태가 아닌 자를 제외하고 10,207명을 최종 연구대상자로 선정하였다. 이 중 갑상선암 진단자 248명(2.7%), 유방암 진단자 225명(2.2%), 자궁경부암 진단자 143명(1.5%)으로 나타났다. 결과: 첫째, 갑상선암 진단군과 비진단군 간에 교육수준, 출산경험, 폐경유형에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 유방암 진단군과 비진단군 간에 교육수준, 폐경 연령, 임신경험, 출산경험, 주관적 건강상태, 폐경유형에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 자궁경부암 진단군과 비진단군 간에 폐경 연령, 주관적 건강상태, 폐경유형에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 자연폐경에 비해서 인공폐경의 경우 여성의 진단 확률은 갑상선암이 2.010배, 유방암이 3.872배, 자궁경부암이 14.902배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 갑상선암, 유방암, 자궁경부암 모두에서 자연폐경에 비해서 인공폐경의 경우에 암 진단 확률이 증가하므로 암의 예방을 위하여 인공폐경을 경험하지 않도록 하는 것이 중요할 것으로 생각된다.
본 연구는 S대학 <인공지능을 위한 기초수학[Math4AI]> 강좌의 교수·학습과정에서 맞춤형 챗GPT를 개발하여 활용한 경험을 공유한다. 연구진은 ① 먼저 강좌 맞춤형 챗GPT (https://math4ai.solgitmath.com/)를 개발하였다. 이때 챗GPT가 부정확한 정보를 주지 않도록 수년간의 해당 강좌 주요 데이터(교재, 실습실, 토론 기록, 코드 등)를 우선적으로 학습하는 챗GPT의 기능을 적용하였다. ② 학생들이 교재를 스스로 학습하다 궁금한 부분이 생기면, 맞춤형 챗GPT 인터페이스를 통해 자연어로 수학 용어, 정리, 예제, 열린 문제 번호, 핵심어 등을 질문하여 도움을 얻을 수 있도록 하였다. 그러면 챗GPT는 관련된 주요 문제나 용어, 그리고 이전 학생들의 토론에 기반한 몇 가지 샘플 답안 또는 토론 내용과 함께 사용되었던 코드 샘플을 제공한다. ③ 학생들이 챗GPT를 통해 얻은 내용을 스스로 윤문하여 공유하고, 상호 토론하면서, 교재에서 제시하는 주요 개념과 열린 문제의 대부분을 이해하도록 하였다. ④ 학기 말에는 그간 본인이 얻은 열린 문제들에 대한 학습기록을 모아 PBL (Problem-Based Learning) 보고서로 제출하고, 발표하여 강좌를 수료하도록 하였다. 이러한 방식은 학생들이 학습을 포기하지 않고 한 단계 앞으로 더 나아갈 추진력과 동기를 주며, 궁극적으로 각각의 문제를 스스로 해결하는 자기 주도적 학습을 도울 수 있다. 또한 학생들 각자의 수준에 맞추어 실시간으로 최적화된 조언을 제시하므로
연구배경: 치과계 특히 치과 의원들은 최근 수년간 보조 인력의 부족을 호소하고 있는 반면 치위생계에서는 미국 치과위생사와 같이 고유의 업무를 어느 정도 독자적으로 수행할 수 있는 구강 위생 전문가의 역할을 추구하고 있어 이러한 업무 범위의 조정과 치과 보조 인력의 양성에 대한 전반적인 논의가 절실하다. 연구방법: 이러한 논의에서 자주 언급되는 미국의 치과위생사와 치과 보조원제도에 대하여 미국 치과의사 협회(ADA), 미국 치과위생사 협회(ADHA), 미국 치과위생사 국가시험위원회(NBDHE), 미국 치과 보조원 협회 (ADAA), 미국 치과 보조원 국가시험위원회(DANB)에서 제공하는 면허취득을 위한 교육요건, 업무영역 등을 조사 분석하였다. 연구결과: 미국은 각 주별 제도가 서로 다르지만 일반적으로 치과위생사는 치위생 교육을 이수할 수 있는 기초 학습 능력 시험을 통과한 후에 2~3년의 전문학사 과정을 수료하고, NBDHE(National Board Dental Hygiene Examination)를 통해 면허를 취득한다. 이후, 주로 환자 검사, 구강 위생 관리 및 예방 처치와 관련된 업무를 수행한다. 치과 보조원(Dental Assitant)은 9~11개월 정도의 교육과정을 마친 후 기본적인 면허(General Chairside Assisting, GC) 취득을 위한 면허시험에 응시할 수 있고, 추가적인 업무를 위해서는 해당 업무에 대한 주별 자격시험 통과, 교육 이수 또는 학위취득, 일정 시간 및 기간 이상의 임상 경험 등이 요구된다. 결론: 우리나라의 의료 기사법과 시행령에서 지정하는 치과위생사의 업무 범위는 미국의 치과위생사와 치과 보조원의 업무를 모두 포함하고 있는데, 현재의 치과 보조 인력 부족을 해소하기 위해 미국과 같은 치과 보조원 제도를 도입한다면 이러한 업무 범위에 대한 조정과 구강 위생 관리 및 예방 업무에서의 치과위생사의 역할 확대 등의 제도적인 보완이 필요하고 이에 대한 구체적인 논의가 필요하다.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.
본 종설논문은 살오징어의 기존 및 최근에 새롭게 적용되고 있는 계군 분석방법들을 비교 분석하여 각 분석방법의 장단점과 분석방법간의 상호보완에 대하여 고찰하였다. 살오징어는 북서태평양의 넓은 지역을 회유하는 어종으로 생태계 및 상업적으로 중요한 자원이다. 살오징어는 해양환경변화의 생물학적 지표로서의 가능성을 평가 받고 있으며, 장단기적인 어획량 및 분포역의 변화가 환경 변화와 함께 나타난다. 예를 들어, 1987/1988 무렵에 발생한 기후체제전환 이후 한류성 어종으로 분류되는 명태의 어획량은 급감하여 현재까지 그 영향이 지속되고 있는 반면, 살 오징어 어획량은 크게 증가하였다. 현재까지 명태 어획량의 감소에 대하여 남획과 기후변화에 초점이 맞추어진 해석이 있으나, 뚜렷한 원인 분석은 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그 이유 중 한 가지는 계군 분석에 근거한 생태, 환경적 측면에 대한 정확한 원인 분석이 이루어지지 않고 있는 것과 관련이 된다. 계군은 유사한 생물학적 특징을 가진 개체들이 제한된 영역 내에서 유성생식과정을 통하여 동일한 유전자 풀(gene pool)을 공유하는 집단으로, 동일 계군을 형성하는 개체들은 산란에서 자원으로 가입 후 다시 재생산 과정에 이르기까지 시간 및 공간적으로 각기 다른 환경의 영향을 받을 수 있다. 따라서, 종에 대한 정확한 계군 분석은 자원의 효과적인 관리 및 급격한 변화에 대한 중요한 대응 방안의 역할을 할 수 있다. 살오징어 계군 분석에 적용된 주요 방법은 크게 4가지로 형태학적 방법, 생태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 유전학적 방법이 있다. 형태학적인 방법은 분석방법이 가장 간단하고 다수의 개체를 비교적 쉽게 분석할 수 있지만 각 형질들은 성장기간 동안 환경에 의해 영향을 많이 받게 되어 개체간의 차이가 생긴다. 생태학적 방법은 주로 개체의 생리적인 변화와 분포 및 회유상태, 기생충의 기생상태나 종류 및 기생률 등을 분석, 산란장의 차이를 알아보는 연구이며, 현재 활발히 연구되고 있는 방법으로 유사한 환경에서 생활하는 집단을 알 수 있지만 유전적으로 같은 집단인지는 알기 어렵다. 표지방류법은 직접적인 방법으로 계군의 회유 및 분포, 산란장의 위치를 파악할 수 있지만 수거가 어렵고 초기 단계에는 표식을 하기 어렵다. 수산생물의 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 자원관리학적 연구에 관한 기본적 정보를 제공해 왔다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전학적 방법은 이에 사용하는 유전자 마커(marker)의 감도에 따라 결정되며, 유전자 마커의 다형성이 높은 것을 선택해야 한다. 계군 분석을 위한 유전자 마커로는 오랜 기간 동안 동위효소 다형이 사용되어졌으며, 최근에는 mitochondria, microsatellite와 같이 DNA 염기배열 중에서도 변이성이 높은 영역을 선택하여 마커로 이용한 연구가 증가되고 있다. 기존의 형태학적 방법, 표지방류법, 생태학적인 방법들은 살오징어의 생활사, 회유경로, 산란장의 변화 등을 밝혀내어 계군을 파악하는데 많은 기여를 하였지만 여전히 각 해역에 분포하는 살오징어의 계군을 파악하기에는 어려움이 있다. 최근에는 기존의 계군 분석이 지닌 장단점을 비교 분석하여 복합적인 방법의 계군 분석이 이루어지며, 이러한 정보들을 바탕으로 유전학적 방법을 보완한다면 살오징어 자원의 변동에 대한 관리 방안을 마련하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.
This study was attempted to contribute to the development of school health by providing the basic data about the distribution basis and distribution aspect of teachers holding additional school health that are in charge of school health business in parimary schools, middle schools and high schools without any nurse-teacher. This study analyzed literatures about the history, related laws, organization and professional manpower of school health. The emphasis was set on the distribution basis of theachers holding additional school health. The results of this study are as following: 1. The school health of the world dates to the late 18th century in Europe where was free supplying with food for poor children. The school health of Korea orginated from smallpox vaccination which was executed with appearance of modern schools in the late 19th century. 2. The related laws of school health began as a part of Education Law with was constituted in 1949. By the School Health Law constituted in 1967 and the enforcement ordinance of School Health made firm the legal basis of school health. 3. The administrative organs of school health are the Ministry of Education in center and each Board of Education in cities and provinces. For the first time in 1979, the department of school health was established in the organization of the Ministry of Education. And at about the same time of establishment of the department of school health, health section was established in the department of social physical-training in locality. 4. In the manpower of school health which was presented in the related statute of school health, there are the ward chief of education, the superintendent of educational affair, of cities and districts, the mayors, the governors of provinces, the school managers, the principals, the school doctors, the school pharmacists, and the nurse-teachers, including teachers holding additional school health as the practical manpower of school health. 5. In order to get some information on distribution aspect of teachers additional school health, this study made up a questionnaire from August 3 to August 11, 1988. The subjects of this study were 212 leachers who took part in the yearly training for teachers holding additional school health from Kyunggi province, Chungbuk province and Jeonbuk province. The results of the questionnaire are as following: 1. The distribution percentages of teachers holding additional school health according to each Board of Education wich schools are subject to, are as following:70.1% (Kyunggi), 76.5% (Chungbuk), and 81.4% (Jeonbuk). There was a significant difference. The distribution percentages of teachers holding additional school health according to the school levels of 3 provinces are as following: 74.1% (Primary schools), 77.8% (Middle schools), 76.7% (High schools). There were little significant differences. 2. The distribution according to the general characteristics of the subject schools: There were 64.2 percent of primary schools and 35.8 percent of middle schools among 212 schools. 91. 5 percent of schools were located in districts. Public schools formed 55.7% and then national schools were higher in percentage than private schools. 58.5 percent of schools had 1-9 classes, 64.6 percent of schools had 101-500 students, and 90 percents of schools had 1-20 teachers. In considering student sex, the coed school showed the high distribution percentage (Primary schools : 100%, Middle schools: 81.6%). 3. The distribution according to the characteristics of teachers holding additional school health: 93.3 percent of teachers were female, and more than 60 percent of teachers were 20-29 years old. As the age got higher, the percentage became lower. There were little significant differences by marital status. In considering their educational status, 86.8 percent of teachers in primary schools were from teacher's colleges, and 64.5 percent of teachers in middle schools were from education colleges. In considering teaching career, 46.7 percent of teachers had teaching career of less than 2 years. 73.6 percent of teachers had held additional school health for less than one year. More than 80 percent of teachers had participated in the training one time or twice. More than 70 percent of teachers had 1-2 additional jobs except for the school health business. The motivation to hold additional school health is most caused by mandatory order, which accounts for more than 80.0 percent. In considering interesting degree concerning school health, lukewarm answer is the highest of 62.7 percent, followed by affirmative answer of 23.6 percent. In considering their contentment degree respecting additional school health job, "discontent or very discontent"is the highest of 47.6 percent. As a descontent reason of additional school health job, overwork is the highest factor of 37.9 percent. Among addiitional school health job, the most difficult affair is nursing service to be 34.0 percent, followed by health education of 31.6 percent. It testify the need of professional. The source of knowledge about school health has been acquired from masscommunication or private health experience, which account for as much as 56.1 percent. It shows seriousness of lack of professionalism. With regard to neccessity of school health experts, 95.8 percent represents absolute need. With above consideration of study results, I propose as follows : 1. I propose that the authorities concerned unify and improve statute respecting current school health which has not been steadfastly supporting school health business by ambiguity of expression and dualization. 2. I propose that the authorities concerned give the school manager, school staffs and parents of students educational chance with which they can acknowledge the importance of school health and in which they can participate as well as set up alternative policy plan to be albe to vitalize school health committee. 3. I propose that administrative organization practicable to taking totally charge of school health business is established within the Ministry of Education. 4. I propose that the authorities concerned back up and cooperate in an attempt by make school health better and desirable toward development by way of appointing qualitied health teachers on the basis of legally regular teacher staffs.
현재 우리나라에서 재배되고 있는 마늘은 오랜 세월에 걸쳐 바이러스 감염에 무방비상태로 방치된채 영양번식을 계속해 왔기 때문에 대부분의 품종들이 퇴화되어 있을 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 마늘의 단위수량과 질의 향상을 기하기 위해선 바이러스 무감염 씨마늘의 육성, 보급에 의한 품종경신이 불가피할 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 우리나라 마늘 재배지대 전역에서 가장 많이 발생하고 있는 모자이크병을 대상으로 바이러스의 분리, 검정식물상의 반응, 전염방법, 물리적성질, 순화방법, 혈청학적반응 및 형태등을 조사함과 동시, 마늘 모자이크 바이러스의 적절한 검정방법을 구명하여 앞으로 바이러스 무감염 씨마늘을 육성, 보급하는데 필요한 기초자료를 얻을 목적으로 실시했으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 1970-1972년까지 3년간 전투의 주요 마늘재배지대를 조사한 바 우리나라에서 재배되고 있는 마늘의 거의 대부분이 모자이크병에 걸려있음이 관찰되었다. 2. 마늘 모자이크 바이러스는 Chenopodium amaranticelor에 즙액접종 함으로써 단일계통을 분리할 수 있었다. 3. 26종의 검정식물을 공시하여 마늘 모자이크 바이러스를 즙액접종한 결과, 접종 11-12일 후에 Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quince, C. album, C. koreanse 등 4종 식물의 접종엽상에 r국부병반 반응이 나타났다. 나머지 식물들에서는 병징이 나타나지 않았을 뿐 만 아니라 C. amaranticolor에 역접종했을 때도 바이러스는 회수되지 않았다. 4. 즙액접종에 의해 국부병반 반응이 나타날 상기 4종 Chenopodium속 식물중에서 C. amaranticolor 와 C. quinoa는 반응이 설민하고 정확하기 때문에 마늘 모자이크 바이러스의 검정식물로 적당하다고 생각된다. 5. 감염주에서 유내한 종구와 주아는 모두 모자이크 바이러스에 감염되어 있었고 이들 감염종구와 주아를 통하여