• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.102-105
• /
• 1999

Mineralization of organic N is an important factor in determining the appropriate rate of organic matter application to paddy fields. A kinetic analysis was conducted for nitrogen mineralization of rice, barley, Chinese milk Ovetch (Astragalus sinicus L.; MV) and narrow leaf vetch straw in paddy soil. Nitrogen immobilization occurred rapidly and its rate increased in straw with high C/N ratio. The amount of nitrogen mineralization was rapid in the first year of rice-vetch cropping system. The rate constant (K) depended on the C/N ratio of organic matter. Mineralization of straw increased at high temperature. The amount of available N increment resulted in fast mineralization of straw, especially in rice and barley straw. Chinese milk vetch had the greatest mineralization rate at all temperatures and fertilization levels followed by narrow-leaf vetch. However, rice and barley straws with high C/N ratio immobilized the soil N at the initial incubation duration. Chinese milk vetch or narrow leaf vetch was not effectively mineralized in mixed treatments with rice or barley straw. The mineralization rate of organic matter was mostly affected by the C/N ratio of straw and temperature of incubation. Organic matter with low C/N ratio should be recommended to avoid the immobilization of soil N and the increasing mineralization rate of straw.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.110-116
• /
• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of amount of nitrogen application with the barley straw application on the changes in soil physical and chemical properties. nutrient uptake and percentage recovery of chemical fertilizer N in the rice plant from 1997 to 1998. The soil physical properties, such as bulk density, hardness, porosity and gaseous phase were improved by barley straw application. There was also improvement or increment in the soil chemical properties, such as pH, organic matter, T-C. T-N, available $SiO_2$, exchangeable K and cation exchange capacity, but decrease in available $P_2O_5$. The $Fe^{+{+}}$ content in soil after barley straw application was high from tillering stage to panicle forming stage, but becoming lowered toward the heading stage, while $Mn^{+{+}}$ content was increased. N uptake with barley straw application was increased in the N $126kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot, but decreased in the N $141kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot. The uptake of fertilized N was continued longer in barley straw application than none-application plot. Percentage recovery of chemical fertilizer N in rice straw was around 1% at tillering stage, but was highly increasing till maximum tillering stage, while the recovery was generally low in barley straw application. Meanwhile, fertilizer P uptake in barley straw application was high, but potassium uptake was low at all different levels of N application.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.310-313
• /
• 1997

The seedling of barley and weed would be generally inhibited by rice straw residues in the field. This experiment was carried out to investigate the allelopathic effects of rice straw and environmental conditions of germination such as osmotic potential, pH on the seedling of barley and water foxtail. The pH did not affect the germination of barley and water foxtail. Osmotic potential to -2.9bar, -0.6bar did not affect the germination of barley and water foxtail, respectively. Rice straw mixed with soil at the concentration of 4%(w/w) reduced the dry weight of shoot and root, and volume of barley root, as compared to the untreated control. Dry weight of water foxtail by rice straw mulching was decreased by 87.1%, 86.2%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.48-53
• /
• 1998

When rice straw was mulched, the inhibition of weed growth was observed in the barley field. This study was carried to indentify the influence of rice straw extract on germination, shoot and root growth of barley and water foxtail, according to extraction rate, temperature, growth stage, variety and soaking time. The inhibition rate of germination, shoot and root length of barley and water foxtail was higest in rice straw extract of $24^{\circ}C$, 5hours, 10%(w/v). Daerimbyeo's extract among 17 rice varieties inhibited growth of barley most, but Anjoongbyeo's was lowest. Among five growth stages, extract at seedling stages inhibited growth of barly and water foxtail most. Among 10 barley varieties, Seaolbori showed the greatest growth inhibition by rice straw extract.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.324-328
• /
• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of steam explosion treatment on composting with rice straw and barley straw. The composting was performed under the condition of $25^{\circ}C$, water content 70%, C/N ratio 30, and aeration of 100ml/min. The content of cellulose, lignin, and total carbon of compost were increased by steam explosion. During composting process total nitrogen of the compost from rice straw and steam exploded rice straw increased by $2{\sim}2.5$ percent, whereas that from steam exploded barley straw increased by 1.7 percent. However total nitrogen of compost from barley straw decreased by 0.41 percent. Therefore, barley straw is a kind of difficulty material for composting, but the composting was proceeded easily by steam explosion treatment, compared to raw barley straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.389-396
• /
• 1994

Effects of chemical treatments on in sacco and in vitro digestibility of barley straw by rumen fluid and pure cultures of cellulolytic bacteria were studied to evaluate the pretreatment and to improve the poor quality feed. Chemicals were applied by dissolving them in water equivalent to 40% of the weight of the straw (dry matter basis). Pretreatment with 5% NaOH yielded the largest increase in sacco digestion followed by pretreatment with 2% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$, 2.6% $NH_4OH$, 1.6% $NaHSO_3$ and untreated straw (control). In sacco dry matter digestibility of straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ continued to increase as the concentration of chemical increased (1 to 7.5%), as it was the in vitro dry matter loss by leaching. Treatment of barley straw with 5% NaOH enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) in vitro digestibility by rumen fluid, Fibrobacter suceinogenes and Ruminococcus albus though the fermentation products by cellulolytic bacteria were low, whereas the treatment with 5% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ inhibited in vitro digestibility by F. succinogenes and R. albus together with lower fermentation products. Dry matter loss by leaching and bacterial digestion from barley straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ suggested the effect of pretreatment with these chemicals were based on leaching, and the cellulolytic bacteria had little to do with digestion.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.505-513
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the variation of chemical components in stagnant water under different mulching amount of barley straw after combine harvesting and the effect of stagnent water on the germinatidn and seedling elongation at early growth stage in rice. pH was lower in barley straw mulching than non-mulching and decreased with increasing of mulched barley straw but was not different among treatments in stagnant water at 15 days after flooding. Dissolved oxygen decreased with the increasing of mulched barley straw and increased with the passing of time, while saline content increased with the increasing of mulched barley straw, showing significant difference among treatments, was peaked at 15 days after flooding and thereafter, decreased. NH4-N was higher 5 days after flooding with thicker barley straw mulching but was not different at 10 days. N $O_3$-N increased up to 10 to 15 days after flooding and increased with thicker barley straw mulching. Water soluble phosphorus and cation content ( $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$)were higher in thicker barley straw mulching and peaked at 10 and 15 days after flooding. Germination rate was decreased by thicker straw mulching and was high in order of medium late, medium and early maturing rice variety. Keumobyeo, Gancheokbyeo, Ilpumbyeo, Dongjinbyeo and Gyehwabyeo showed higher germination rate. Seedling elongation at early growth stage was poorer with increasing of barley. straw mulching. Ilpumbyeo had good seedling elongation in one time amount of barley straw mulching and Shinunbongbyeo, Unjangbyeo, Nonganbyeo and Dongjinbyeo had poorer, in two times.mes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.429-431
• /
• 1989

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.1681-1691
• /
• 2012

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on barley straw at boiling temperature and fractionation of its biomass components into lignin, hemicellulose, and reducing sugars. To this end, various concentrations of NaOH (0.5% to 2%) were applied for pretreatment of barley straw at $105^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies revealed that 2% NaOH-pretreated barley straw exposed cellulose fibers on which surface granules were abolished due to comprehensive removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) result showed that the crystalline index was increased with increased concentration of NaOH and found a maximum 71.5% for 2% NaOH-pretreated sample. The maximum removal of lignin and hemicellulose was 84.8% and 79.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated liquor, respectively. Reducing sugar yield was 86.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated sample using an enzyme dose containing 20 FPU of cellulase, 40 IU of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and 4 FXU of xylanase/g substrate. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to produce the bioethanol precursor from barley straw using 2% NaOH at boiling temperature.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.33 no.10
• /
• pp.1384-1389
• /
• 2023

This work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of biohydrogen production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus. The primary obstacle in plant biomass decomposition is the recalcitrance of the biomass itself. Plant cell walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which make the plant robust to decomposition. However, the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, can efficiently utilize lignocellulosic feedstocks (Barley Straw and Miscanthus) for energy production, and C. bescii can now be metabolically engineered or isolated to produce more hydrogen and other biochemicals. In the present study, two strains, C. bescii JWCB001 (wild-type) and JWCB018 (ΔpyrFA Δldh ΔcbeI), were tested for their ability to increase hydrogen production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus. The JWCB018 resulted in a redirection of carbon and electron (carried by NADH) flow from lactate production to acetate and hydrogen production. JWCB018 produced ~54% and 63% more acetate and hydrogen from Barley Straw, respectively than its wild-type counterpart, JWCB001. Also, 25% more hydrogen from Miscanthus was obtained by the JWCB018 strain with 33% more acetate relative to JWCB001. It was supported that the engineered C. bescii, such as the JWCB018, can be a parental strain to get more hydrogen and other biochemicals from various biomass.