• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 1983

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of stage of maturity at harvest on the quality of silage. Herbage samples taken from the barley plant, rye plant, wheat plant, oat plant, Orchardgrass, Italian ryegrass, a mixed grass sward of Orchardgrass and Italian ryegrass and corn plant at different stages of maturity and ensiled in order to evaluate the effect of maturity on the chemical composition and feeding value as well as digestibility using sheep. Forage material were ensiled in small concrete silo. 1. The dry matter yield per 10a increased with advancing the maturity. Yield of brarley plant was 404, 635 and 900 kg at heading, milk and milk dough stage, respectively. Rye plant yield was 279, 589, 708, 10,000, 1,265, 1,376 and 1,492 kg at booting, before heading, early heading, late heading, early flowering, late flowering and after flowering stage, respectively. Italian ryegrass yield was 355, 613, 844 and 1,109 kg at vegetative, booting, heading and flowering, respectively. Orchardgrass/Italian ryegrass production was 477, 696, 891 and 1,027 kg at before was 458, 1,252, 1,534, 1,986 and 2,053 kg at tassel, early milk, yellow ripe and ripe stage, respectively. 2. Dry matter content increased with advancing maturity, but crude protein declined markedly. The NFE content decreased with advancing maturity of all the herbages except corn plant where NFE content increased, but corn plant increased. The content of crude fiber increased with advancing maturity except corn plant. The content of crude ash decreased with advancing maturity. In the rye plant, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose increased with advancing maturity. 3. In vitro dry matter digestibilities of the rye plant was 53.6, 54.1, 50.7, 47.1, 44.9, 40.1 and 38.9% booting, before hcading, early heading, late heading, early flowering, late flowering and after flowering stage, respectively. The regression equation was $Y=56.22-0.74X+0.009X^2$ (X=cutting date from the first cut, Y=dry matter digestibilities). 4. In vitro digestible dry matter yield (kg/10a) of rye plant increased with advancing maturity, but declined from the flowering stage. The regression equation was $Y=168.88+26.09X-0.41X^2$ (X=cutting date from the first cut). 5. In vitro digestibility of dry matter in the corn plant was 69.2, 71.5, 69.8 and 69.9% at tassel, early milk, milk and yellow ripe stage, respectively. 6. The digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber of all plants decreased with advancing matuity, but NFE of the barley and corn generally increased. 7. The TDN contents on the dry matter basis decreased, but those of barley and corn silage were not different. TDN content of barley was 57.8, 57.1 and 57.9% at heading, milk and milk dough stage, respectively. That of rye silage was 50.0, 27.2 and 43.7% at early flowering, after flowering and milk stage, respectively. Italian ryegrass silage was 67.9, 63.7, and 54.9% at before heading, early heading and after heading, respectively. In case of Orchardgrass silage the TDN was 54.8, 52.9 and 46.1% at after heading, after flowering and milk, respectively. Corn shows TDN value of 59.5, 62.8 and 61.6% at milk, yellow ripe and ripe, respectively. 8. The pH value increased slightly by advancing maturity. 9. the content of organic acid decreased by advancing maturity and also increasing the DM content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2009

This study was to optimize the harvest time of several winter cereal forage crops. Barley, rye, oat, triticale and wheat were evaluated for the quantity and quality of hay and silage at four different harvesting stages, including heading, 10 days after heading (DAH), 20 DAH and 30 DAH. Barley and wheat harvested at 20 DAH, and oat and triticale at 30 DAH showed maximum dry matter yield. Crude protein content of barley, wheat, triticale and oat decreased significantly with advancing crop maturity. Mean crude protein content was the highest in rye and the lowest in oat. The NDF and ADF content of barley, wheat, triticale and oat decreased with late harvest, while rye increased. Maximum total digestible nutrients (TDN) content was recorded in barley and wheat harvested at 20 DAH, in triticale and oat at 30 DAH, and in rye at heading. The maximum TDN content of silage, 66.98%, was recorded in barley, followed by wheat, triticale, oat and rye. However, The crude protein, NDF and ADF of silage was 1 to 4 times higher than those of hay. In this study, barley harvested at 20-25 DAH, wheat and triticale at 30 DAH, and rye at heading provided a good compromise between dry matter yield and forage quality. At this stage, a sufficient quantity of fodder with moderate forage quality was obtained.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1986

To obtain basic information needed for developing better pearl barley varieties, a total of 148 lines of pearl barley were collected from nationwide survey except for Kangwon and Chejoo provinces and classified by principal component analysis. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Variabilities of characters for all lines except for leaf width and 100 K. Wt.(Unpolished) were high enough to indicate variation of lines. 2. Correlation coefficients among 18 characters were high enough and they showed the shape of normal distribution, more or less, inclined toward positive values. 3. The lines could be classified into four groups by correlation coefficient for 18 characters : Group I was characterized as the lines composed of grain and plant type, Group II maturity, Group III the number of tillers, and Group IV the nature of germination, respectively. 4. About 60% of the total variation could be appreciated by the first four principal components and about 89% of the total variation by the first ten principal components. 5. Contribution of characters to principal components was variable and was high at upper principal components and low at lower principal components. 6. The value of eigen vector corresponding to those which had high significant correlation coefficient between characters was almost of the same value. 7. The lines were classified into four groups by principal component analysis. 8. The lines were also classified into four groups by taxonomic distance. Group I included 79 lines, Group II 40 lines, Group III 22 lines, and Group IV 7 lines, respectively. 9. Four groups classified by taxonomic distance could be characterized as follow : Group I : medium height plant, small kernels, medium maturity, and narrow and short leaf, Group II : short height plant, small kernels, early maturity, and narrow and short leaf. Group III : tall height plant, large kernels, late maturity, and broad and long leaf. Group IV : short height plant, large kernels, medium maturity, and narrow and short leaf.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 2010

This study was carried out between 2008 and 2009 in four dairy farms to investigate the effect of feeding of whole crop barley silage on the reproductive performance of Holstein heifers. Two diets, mixed hay or whole crop barley silage separately from concentrate were fed 6-month old Holstein heifers (=37). In control group (=CON), heifers (n=16) were fed 6 kg (/head) mixed hay and 4 kg (/head) commercial diet. In whole crop barley silage group (=WBS), heifers (n=21) were fed 10 kg (/head) whole crop barley silage, 4 kg (/head) mixed hay and 2 kg (/head) commercial diet. To manage body weight gain, the body condition score of heifers were measured every month. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Body weight in CON and WBS heifers at 13-, 14-, 15- and 17-month old were $340{\pm}17.9$ and $342{\pm}13.6\;kg$, $356{\pm}15.7$ and $366{\pm}14.7\;kg$, $382{\pm}13.1$ and $387{\pm}14.4\;kg$, and $429{\pm}15.0$ and $417{\pm}10.3\;kg$, respectively. 2. Body condition score in CON and WBS heifers at 9-, 12-, 15- and 17-month old were $2.88{\pm}0.04$ and $2.80{\pm}0.04$, $2.88{\pm}0.04$ and $2.80{\pm}0.04$, $2.89{\pm}0.08$ and $3.00{\pm}0.07$, and $2.89{\pm}0.08$ and $3.00{\pm}0.07$, respectively. 3. Average age of sexual maturity in CON and WBS heifers were $437.3{\pm}9.9$days and $939.6{\pm}12.5$days, WBS group heifers were significantly shorter (p<0.05) than CON group heifers. 4. First-service conception rates in CON or WBS group were 81.3% (13/16) and 66.7% (14121), respectively, and cumulative conception rate to 2nd artificial insemination were 87.5% for CON and 85.7% for WBS group. Conception rate was not different between treatments.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.26-39
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• 2013

Yield reduction in major cereal grains seems unavoidable with the existing cropping systems under the projected climate change in Korea. Crop models were used to predict the effects of planting date shift on grain yields of rice, winter barley and soybeans at 64 agroclimatic zones in Korea. The shift of planting date by 7, 14, and 21 days before and after the recommended planting dates were incorporated in DSSAT experiment files to simulate growth, development and grain yields of major cereal crops. These included 3 rice cultivars representing early-, medium- and late-maturity groups, 1 winter barley and 1 soybean cultivars. Partial mitigation in yield reduction was found with earlier planting in the early maturing rice cultivar and with delayed planting in the late maturing rice cultivar under the RCP8.5 projected climate change in Korea. Additional yield increase in winter barley was expected by earlier planting treatments. Soybean showed a positive effect on grain yield with earlier planting. However, the rate was much lower than the case with winter barley and delayed planting caused yield reduction.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2000

In order to develop an appropriate cultural practice for a newly bred 2-rowed, waxy, naked barley cultivar 'Duwonchapssalbori' in the southern region, 2 varieties, 3 seeding dates, 4 seeding rates were designed with 2 replications. The heading and maturity dates of 'Duwonchapssalbori' were' earlier than 'Saessalbori by 2-5 and 4 days, respectively. Culm length of 'Duwonchapssalbori' was 60 to 66cm with lodging resistance. Grain yields of both varieties were 4.28-4.33 ton/ha in the plot of Oct. 20 seeding, 4.11-4.18 ton in the plot of Oct. 28 seeding, and 3.7-13.89 ton/ha in the Nov. 5 seeding. Grain yield with different seeding rates highly significantly fitted with secondary polynomial equations in the plots of Oct. 20 and Oct. 28 seedings ($R^2$=0.84-0.85), showing the greatest yield with seeding rate of 140kg per ha. However, the grain yield with various seeding rates in the plot of Nov. 5 seeding showed simple linear regression ($R^2$=0.71), showing the seeding rate over 160kg in the case of later seeding to be optimal. Number of spikes per $m^2$ significantly contributed to grain yield, and fitted to simple linear regression ($R^2$=0.881-0.891), suggesting that plenty of early stands should be established at early seedling stage for high grain yield. Young spikes of 'Duwonchapssalbori' in the plot of Oct. 20 seeding elongated with linear increments since Feb. 10 (6.7mm), and showed rapid increment since March 7 (15.1mm). However, elongation of young spikes of 'Saessalbori' began from March 15 with slow increments. From these studies, the optimum seeding date and seeding rate in 'Duwonchapssalbori' were Oct. 20-28 and 140kg per ha for high grain yield in the southern regions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.270-280
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the main effects and pleiotropic effects of two comparable isogenic lines for culm and spike length in hulled barley and observed various agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components under the conditions of heavy fertilizer application and high planting densities. Three isogenic lines, culm, spike and culm and spike, were planted and to obtain basic data for improving high-yielding and quality of hulled barley at Experiment Farm, Dankook Univ., Cheonan city in 1985. Differences of culm length between two comparable isogenic lines, short culmed line (SCL) and medium culmed line (MCL), in isogenic lines for culm length showed highly significant differences. And differences of spike length between two comparable isogenic lines, short spike line (SSL) and medium spike line (MSL), in isogenic lines for spike length showed highly significant differences. Differences of culm and spike length between two comparable isogenic lines, short culmed and spike line (SCSSL) and medium culmed and spike line (MCMSL), short culmed and spike line (SCSSL) and long culmed and spike line (LCLSL), in isogenic lines for culm and spike length showed highly significant differences. Characteristics affected highly by the genes of culm length in isogenic lines for culm length were heading days, the 1st and 2nd internode length, No. of grains per spike, No. of spikes/m$^2$, and one litre weight. Characteristics affected highly by the genes of spike length in isogenic lines for spike length were No. of spike nodes, heading days, maturity days, thousand grain weight and one litre weight. Characteristics affected highly by the genes of culm and spike length in isogenic lines for culm and spike length were No. of spike nodes, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th internode length, thousand grain weight and grain yield. Grain yield of SCL, MSL, MCMSL and SCSSL was more than grain yield of MCL, SSL, SCSSL and LCLSL, respectively. Maturity days of SCL, MSL, SCSSL and LSLSL were faster than maturity days of MCL, SSL, MCMSL and SCSSL, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.516-526
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• 2003

Thirty-six barley varieties including Korean modern and local varieties were tested for drought-tolerance in the field of plastic rain shelter, Drought treatment was initiated at initial tillering stage (March 27, 2002) by withholding irrigation and lasted until harvest. Soil water potential maintained at around -0.05㎫ in the control plot and varied from -0.05㎫ (at the initial stage of drought treatment) to -0.29㎫ in the drought treatment plot. At forty days after drought treatment, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (OP), osmotic adjustment (OA), and $^{13}\textrm{C}$ discrimination ($\Delta$) were measured and then plants were sampled for leaf area index (LAI) and dry weight (DW). Barley was harvested at maturity for determining DW, grain yield, 1000 grains weight and number of spikelet. The tested varieties revealed wide spectrum of drought tolerance. Dongbori-1, Chalbori, Changyeongjaerae, Samdobori and Weolseong 87-31 showed strong drought-tolerance while Songhagbori and Suwonmaeg360 showed weak drought-tolerance. The drought injury indexes (drought/control ratio) of DW and yield revealed significant positive correlation with leaf RWC in drought treatment plot and $\Delta$ in the control plot, but obvious negative correlation with leaf OP and OA under drought condition. In addition, all the drought indexes of OP, $\Delta$ and RWC showed obvious positive correlation with the drought injury indexes of DW, 1000 grain weight and yield. Thus, OP and RWC under drought condition and $\Delta$ under well-watered condition would be used as the evaluation criteria for drought- tolerance of barley genotypes. However, further investigation is needed for the relationship between $\Delta$ and drought-tolerance as the other reports were not consistent with our result.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.504-509
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• 2018

A new black barley variety, "Heuksoojeongchal," was developed as a cross between "Keunalbori 1" and "Masankwamaek/Mortoni" at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2014. Heuksoojeongchal had a longer culm length (89 cm) and a later average heading date and maturity than Seodunchalbori. It also had a spike length of 5.0 cm, $543spikes/m^2$, and 54 grains/spike. The 1000-grain weight of Heuksoojeongchal (36.0 g) was heavier than that of Seodunchalbori. Heuksoojeongchal showed resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). The yield potential of Heuksoojeongchal was approximately 7% higher than that of Seodunchalbori upland, but the average yield potential was similar in upland and paddy fields. Among the quality characteristics, the ${\beta}-glucan$ content (6.7%) was higher and the amylose content (5.5%) was lower than those of Seodunchalbori. The whiteness of the black barley was low, and its absorption rate and spreadability were similar to those of Seodunchalbori.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the level of cracked whole barley on daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, carcass characteristics and meat composition of finishing Hanwoo steers (feeding from 24 months to 30 months of age). The dietary treatments were consisted of five types (C; normal concentrate as a basal diet, T1; 10% addition of cracked whole barley, T2; 20% addition of cracked whole barley, T3; 30% addition of cracked whole barley, T4; 40% addition of cracked whole barley). A total 30 Hanwoo steers (588.6${\pm}$11.8kg) were allocated to 5 feeding groups. The daily feed intake and daily body weight gain were high in the order of T2 > T3 >T4 > T1 > C. The back fat thickness and longissmus muscle area were highest in C and T1, respectively (P<0.05) than other treatments. The meat yield index decreased with increased back fat thickness. The marbling score and meat quality were highest in T1 (P<0.01, 0.05, respectively), but maturity, fat color and meat color were not significantly different among treatments. The crude fat was highest in T1 (17.59%), while in T4 (7.47%) it was lowest (P<0.05). The crude protein and crude ash were not significantly different among treatments. The energy value of cracked whole barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C (P<0.05). The contents of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na and Zn were higher in C than the other treatments (P<0.01), but Co was higher in T2 (P<0.01). The CIE $L^*$ value of whole cracked barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C, however there were not differences among the treatments. The CIE $a^*$ value was highest in T1(P<0.05) than others. The CIE $b^*$ value was highest in C and it was decreased with increased feeding of cracked whole barley. Based on the above results, T1 treatment compared to other treatments improved the carcass quality parameters like loin muscle area, marbling score, meat quality, and CIE $L^*$ value.