• The Korean journal of sports medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2018

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of foot position on dynamic stability in female with genu varum. M ethods: Eight females with genu varum participated in this study and performed the four squat exercise methods that foot position ($-45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, $+45^{\circ}$) and $0^{\circ}$ squat with band. Center of pressure (COP; anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, traveled distance, ellipse area) and ground reaction force as dynamic stability were measured using footscan system. Multivariate analysis of variance and one-way repeated analysis of variance measurement with Tukey honestly significant difference were used to identify significant differences of foot angle ($-45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, $+45^{\circ}$) and $0^{\circ}$ squat with band method. Results: In anterior-posterior COP displacement, $-45^{\circ}$ foot angle and $0^{\circ}$ squat with band were significantly showed lower than $+45^{\circ}$ foot angle squat (p=0.006). Also, in COP traveled distance, $0^{\circ}$ squat was significantly showed lower than $+45^{\circ}$ foot angle (p=0.019). During the descending phase, ground reaction force significantly showed in -45 foot angle was lower than other exercise methods. Conclusion: The $0^{\circ}$ squat with band exercise showed higher dynamic stability and $+45^{\circ}$ foot angle squat exercise showed lower dynamic stability in female with genu varum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to suggest a way to easily understand and utilize the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) or Korean Standard Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (KCF), a common and standard language related to health information. METHODS: The tools used by physical therapists to evaluate the functioning of neurological patients were collected from 10 domestic hospitals. By applying the ICF linking rule, two experts compared, analyzed, and linked the concepts in the items of the collected tools and the ICF/KCF codes. The frequency of use of the selected tool, the matching rate of the liking results of two experts, and the number of the codes linked were treated as descriptive statistics and the code set was presented as a list. RESULTS: The berg balance scale, trunk impairment scale, timed up and go test, functional ambulation category, 6 Minute walk test, manual muscle test, and range of motion measurements were the most commonly used tools for evaluating the functioning. The total number of items of the seven tools was 33, and the codes linked to the ICF/KCF were 69. Twenty-two codes were mapped, excluding duplicate codes. Ten codes in the body function, 11 codes in the activity, and one code in the environmental factor were included. CONCLUSION: The information on the development process of the code set will increase the understanding of ICF/KCF and the developed code set can conveniently be used for collecting patients' functioning information.

• Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2022

Objectives: For the deviation phenomenon occurring during the treatment process in temporo-mandibular balancing medicine (TBM), hypotheses were established regarding the cause and mechanism of formation from the perspective of neuro-science and material mechanics, and a verification method was proposed. Methods: The deviation phenomenon was theoretically analyzed based on the structure theories of material mechanics of the joint and the neurological pain mechanism. Results: Deviation occurs due to temporary yield by the accumulation of heterogeneous stress in the temporo-mandibular joint and the affected joint. Because the joint structures are corresponding with material mechanics showing compressive and tensile properties. The size of the deviation is expressed in terms of strain. The occlusal surface of the teeth is level with the axial joint. Since the magnitude of the deviation has a proportional relationship with the degree of abnormality of the temporo-mandibular joint, the magnitude of the deviation calculated by the balance measurement can be replaced by the strain. The major variables involved in the occurrence of deviations are the strength of joint structures and neurological conditions. Therefore plastic deformation and adaptation occur as a long-term depression of neural circuits is strengthened in different ways at different locations each time in various clinical situations. This is the reason why the sequence of the restoration process while correcting deviations is following reverse order of the accumulation in many layers in the muscular nervous system. Conclusions: From the above results, it can be inferred that the occurrence and correction of the deviations are corresponding with the plastic deformation and neuro-plasticity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.80-90
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• 2004

Three experiments were performed to test the assumption that imbalanced dietary amino acid mixtures must lead to increased heat production (HP). The first experiment was based on diets formulated to have a wide range of crude protein (CP) concentrations but a fixed concentration of lysine, formulated to be the first-limiting amino acid. In the second (converse) experiment, lysine concentration was varied over a wide range while CP content was kept constant. To prevent the masking of dietary effects by thermoregulatory demands, the third experiment was performed at 30 $^{\circ}C$ with the diets similar to the diets used in the second experiment. The detailed relationships among amino acid balance, nitrogen (N) metabolism and energy (E) metabolism were investigated in a computer-controlled chamber calorimetry system. The results of experiments were compared with the predictions of a computerised simulation model of E metabolism. In experiment 1. with constant lysine and varying CP, there was a 75 % increase in N intake as CP concentration increased. This led to a 150 % increase in N excretion. with no significant change in HP. Simulated HP agreed with the empirically determined results in not showing a trend with dietary CP. In experiment 2, with varying lysine but constant CP, there was a 3-fold difference in daily weight gain between the lowest and highest lysine diets. HP per bird increased significantly with dietary lysine concentration. There was still an effect when HP was adjusted for body weight differences, but it failed to maintain statistical significance. Simulated HP results agreed in showing little effect of varying lysine concentration and growth rate on HP. Based on the results of these two experiments, the third experiment was designed to test the response of birds to dietary lysine in high ambient temperature. In experiment 3 which performed at high ambient temperature (30 $^{\circ}C$), HP per bird increased significantly with dietary lysine content, whether or not adjusted for body-weight. The trend was greater than in the previous experiment (20 $^{\circ}C$).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.509-520
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• 2018

Alkalinity is one of the basic variables, which determine geochemical characteristics of natural waters and participate in processes changing concentrations of various contaminants either directly or indirectly. However, not a few laboratories and researchers of Korea still use alkalinity-measurement methods not appropriate for groundwaters, and which becomes one of the major reasons for the poor ion balance errors of the geochemical analysis. This study was performed to review alkalinity-measurement methods, to discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and, thus, to help researchers and analytical specialists in analyzing alkalinity of groundwaters. The pH-titration-curve-inflection-point (PTC-IP) methods, which finds the alkalinity end point from the inflection point of the pH titration curve are revealed to be most accurate. Gran titration technique among them are likely to be most appropriate for accurate estimation of titrant volume to the end point. In contrast, other titration methods such as pH indicator method and pre-selected pH method, which are still commonly being used, are likely to cause erroneous results especially for groundwaters of low ionic strength and alkalinity.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.369-375
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• 2006

Calibration gas mixtures were prepared using dynamic volumetric method according to ISO 6145-5 and the uncertainty was evaluated. Ten identical capillaries with 0.25 mm in inner diameter and 50 cm in length were applied in this system. Dilution ratio of parent gas was determined by the number of capillaries that passes parent gas and that passes balance gas through. Capillaries were made of Teflon which had good chemical stability against adsorption of gaseous substances. Mechanical valves were introduced in this system in order to minimize the thermal effect of solenoid valves. Concentration of prepared gases were compared with master grade standard gases in cylinders made by RiGAS Co. and calibration of the instrument were completed using comparison method according to ISO 6143. Experimental results showed that the coefficient of variance of diluted oxygen standard gases showed less then 0.2% in most dilution range, that of diluted hydrogen sulfide standard gases showed less then 1.0%. Therefore, it is proven that the standard gases prepared by this system are appropriate to be used as a calibration standards in ambient monitoring, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 1993.06a
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• pp.1051-1054
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• 1993

The International Atomic Energy Agency's Statute in Article III.A.5 allows it“to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy”. Safeguards are essentially a technical means of verifying the fulfilment of political obligations undertaken by States and given a legal force in international agreements relating to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The main political objectives are: to assure the international community that States are complying with their non-proliferation and other peaceful undertakings; and to deter (a) the diversion of afeguarded nuclear materials to the production of nuclear explosives or for military purposes and (b) the misuse of safeguarded facilities with the aim of producing unsafeguarded nuclear material. It is clear that no international safeguards system can physically prevent diversion. The IAEA safeguards system is basically a verification measure designed to provide assurance in those cases in which diversion has not occurred. Verification is accomplished by two basic means: material accountancy and containment and surveillance measures. Nuclear material accountancy is the fundamental IAEA safeguards mechanism, while containment and surveillance serve as important complementary measures. Material accountancy refers to a collection of measurements and other determinations which enable the State and the Agency to maintain a current picture of the location and movement of nuclear material into and out of material balance areas, i. e. areas where all material entering or leaving is measurab e. A containment measure is one that is designed by taking advantage of structural characteristics, such as containers, tanks or pipes, etc. To establish the physical integrity of an area or item by preventing the undetected movement of nuclear material or equipment. Such measures involve the application of tamper-indicating or surveillance devices. Surveillance refers to both human and instrumental observation aimed at indicating the movement of nuclear material. The verification process consists of three over-lapping elements: (a) Provision by the State of information such as - design information describing nuclear installations; - accounting reports listing nuclear material inventories, receipts and shipments; - documents amplifying and clarifying reports, as applicable; - notification of international transfers of nuclear material. (b) Collection by the IAEA of information through inspection activities such as - verification of design information - examination of records and repo ts - measurement of nuclear material - examination of containment and surveillance measures - follow-up activities in case of unusual findings. (c) Evaluation of the information provided by the State and of that collected by inspectors to determine the completeness, accuracy and validity of the information provided by the State and to resolve any anomalies and discrepancies. To design an effective verification system, one must identify possible ways and means by which nuclear material could be diverted from peaceful uses, including means to conceal such diversions. These theoretical ways and means, which have become known as diversion strategies, are used as one of the basic inputs for the development of safeguards procedures, equipment and instrumentation. For analysis of implementation strategy purposes, it is assumed that non-compliance cannot be excluded a priori and that consequently there is a low but non-zero probability that a diversion could be attempted in all safeguards ituations. An important element of diversion strategies is the identification of various possible diversion paths; the amount, type and location of nuclear material involved, the physical route and conversion of the material that may take place, rate of removal and concealment methods, as appropriate. With regard to the physical route and conversion of nuclear material the following main categories may be considered: - unreported removal of nuclear material from an installation or during transit - unreported introduction of nuclear material into an installation - unreported transfer of nuclear material from one material balance area to another - unreported production of nuclear material, e. g. enrichment of uranium or production of plutonium - undeclared uses of the material within the installation. With respect to the amount of nuclear material that might be diverted in a given time (the diversion rate), the continuum between the following two limiting cases is cons dered: - one significant quantity or more in a short time, often known as abrupt diversion; and - one significant quantity or more per year, for example, by accumulation of smaller amounts each time to add up to a significant quantity over a period of one year, often called protracted diversion. Concealment methods may include: - restriction of access of inspectors - falsification of records, reports and other material balance areas - replacement of nuclear material, e. g. use of dummy objects - falsification of measurements or of their evaluation - interference with IAEA installed equipment.As a result of diversion and its concealment or other actions, anomalies will occur. All reasonable diversion routes, scenarios/strategies and concealment methods have to be taken into account in designing safeguards implementation strategies so as to provide sufficient opportunities for the IAEA to observe such anomalies. The safeguards approach for each facility will make a different use of these procedures, equipment and instrumentation according to the various diversion strategies which could be applicable to that facility and according to the detection and inspection goals which are applied. Postulated pathways sets of scenarios comprise those elements of diversion strategies which might be carried out at a facility or across a State's fuel cycle with declared or undeclared activities. All such factors, however, contain a degree of fuzziness that need a human judgment to make the ultimate conclusion that all material is being used for peaceful purposes. Safeguards has been traditionally based on verification of declared material and facilities using material accountancy as a fundamental measure. The strength of material accountancy is based on the fact that it allows to detect any diversion independent of the diversion route taken. Material accountancy detects a diversion after it actually happened and thus is powerless to physically prevent it and can only deter by the risk of early detection any contemplation by State authorities to carry out a diversion. Recently the IAEA has been faced with new challenges. To deal with these, various measures are being reconsidered to strengthen the safeguards system such as enhanced assessment of the completeness of the State's initial declaration of nuclear material and installations under its jurisdiction enhanced monitoring and analysis of open information and analysis of open information that may indicate inconsistencies with the State's safeguards obligations. Precise information vital for such enhanced assessments and analyses is normally not available or, if available, difficult and expensive collection of information would be necessary. Above all, realistic appraisal of truth needs sound human judgment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.353-359
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• 2012

The identification of effective root zone would clarify dynamics of plant available water and soil water balance. Using the relationship between soil properties and electrical resistivity (ER) the purpose of this research is to identify soil zone affected by a plant root activity using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique. Four plastic containers were prepared for two different soil textures (clay and sandy loam) and one container for each texture was selected for planting four corn seedlings (Zea mays L.) and the others were prepared for the blank. For ERT monitoring, we prepared 0.8 m plastic sticks with 17 electrodes installed with 5 cm space. The Ministing (AGI Inc., Texas) instrument for electrical resistivity measurement and semi-auto converter of electrode arrangement were set up for dipole-dipole array. During 2 months of the corns growing, ERT monitoring was made 3 to 4 days after the irrigation practice. Despite of the same amount water supplied into soils, two textures showed very different apparent resistivity values due to different clay content. The apparent electrical resistivity is consistently lower in clay loam comparing to sandy loam soil implying that plant root does not significantly alter the overall trend of resistivity. When plant root system, however, is active both soils with plants showed 2-7 times higher electrical resistivity and higher coefficient variation than soils without plant, implying the effect of root system on the resistivity, in which may caused by. This result suggests plant root activities regulating the soil water dynamics mainly control the variation of electrical resistivity over soil textural difference. Therefore the identification of water uptake zone would highly be correlated to plant root activities, thus ERT will be feasible approach to identify spatial characteristics of a plant root activity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.474-484
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• 2016

This study was performed to identify the effects of the improvement of brain function by CST on the elderly with the 2nd or 3rd grade of long-term care insurance service. A quasi-experimental design using a nonequivalent control group, pre-post test was used. A total of 12 elders (6 in the experimental group and 6 in the control group) were recruited. Upledger CST(10-Step Protocol) was performed on each subject for 50 minutes per session, once a week, for a total of 8 treatments over an 8 week period from Jan to Feb 2015. The brain function quotient was measured before the 1st CST and after the last CST by portable EEG measurement device using a 2 Channel neuro-feedback system. The data was analyzed by SPSS (Ver. 18.0) program. After CST intervention, the attention quotient (AQ), level of tension, anti-stress quotient (ASQ), emotion quotient (EQ) and brain quotient (BQ) of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group. These results showed that the CST was effective in reducing the level of fatigue by the AQ, increasing the physical and psychological stress relief by the ASQ, emotional balance by the EQ, and improving the total brain function by the BQ. Therefore, CST can be used as an effective intervention for improving the health and brain function of the elderly in health facilities.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.16A no.5
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• pp.395-402
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• 2009

Since 2005, Cyber home learning systems(CHLS) have been run with the purpose of clearing up the regional disparity and reducing the private education cost. At this point, it is necessary to have the analysis on the satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS. The goal of this paper is to suggest an evaluation model for satisfaction and pedagogical effectiveness of CHLS and to support the management of satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS for the low-income bracket children. Our major contributions can be summarized as follows: First, we present an evaluation model of satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS for the low-income bracket children. Second, we survey the satisfaction, effectiveness awareness and improvement facts from the students who divided according to their sex, residence area and classes and compare with suggesting evaluation models. This paper is to find the measurement of the satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS for the low-income bracket children. Furthermore, we can use this model as a material to balance the education opportunity, which is the purpose of CHLS, and abolish the education differentials.