• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.498-502
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• 2003

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.464-471
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• 2009

Vegetation types of the native conifer forests in the ridge of the Baekdudaegan, South Korea, were classified using the Braun-Blanquet method and TWINSPAN and its ecological characteristics analyzed with special repect to floristic composition. The vegetation type was classified into two types (Pinus densiflora-Carex humilis and Pinus koraiensis-Dryopteris crassirhizoma types) and seven groups. Mean species richness and total plot cover per unit area ($/100m^2$) were $21.9{\pm}8.9$ spp. and $146.9{\pm}32.3$%, respectively. The plant species composed of 82 families, 217 genera, and 387 species and the three major families, Compositae, Liliaceae, and Rosaceae, made up about 25.6% of the total species. The 7.8% of total families were the families with occurrence of only one species. The highest relative importance value was 19.2, the species belonged to Pinaceae and the pattern was different from species richness pattern of other families.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.472-478
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• 2009

Pine (Pinus densiflora) forests of 58 sites on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan, South Korea were classified by applying the phytosociological method and TWINSPAN. The floristic composition and life-form characteristics of the vegetation types analyzed and documented. The vegetation types were classified into five groups including four groups of Carex humilis var nana type and one group of Abies koreana-Sasa borealis type. Compositae was the most diverse family (26 species), Liliaceae (21 species), Rosaceae (18 species) and Betulaceae (11 species) whereas 27 families were represented by only one species. Taxonomically, Compositae was the most diverse (17 genera), Liliaceae and Rosaceae(12 genera) whereas 41 families were represented by only one genus. The Fagaceae was the most important family in total coverage (19.0) and followed Pinaceae (16.7) and Ericaceae (15.1). Five families such as Compositae, Liliaceae, Rosaceae, Betulaceae, and Umbelliferae contributed little to total coverage, although represented by numerous species. In the correlation between species richness and life forms, the species richness was highly correlated with growth and disseminule forms. In general, the correlation coefficients between life forms represented lower values than those between species richness and life-forms.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate actual vegetation and the DGN(Degree of Green Naturality) in the Baekdudaegan from Manbokdae of the Jirisan National Park to Boksungijae in the Namwon-si. The actual vegetation of the surveyed site were classified into 17 plant community; Substitutional forest were classified into 10 plant communities; Quercus mongolica communities, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus serrata commodity, etc. And artificial forest were classified into 6 forest types; Larix leptolepis forest, Pinus koraiensis forest etc. Seedlings of Larix leptolepis and P. koraiensis were appeared around road slopes and devastated land. The DGN 8 was appeared the widest area as 64%(9,113ha) and the DGN 9 was 9.58%(1,349ha). The DGN 1 and 2 were appeared as 7.65%(1.078ha) at Dukchiri and Maeyori district on the Baekdudaegan

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.827-834
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide scientific data to support policy making on core area management in national parks, particularly to resolve conflict regarding trail closure, by analyzing the physical characteristics of trails in the Seoraksan and Songnisan National Park on the Baekdudaegan mountains. For the analysis, we surveyed 112 points selected from three sections and one section of closed trails in Seoraksan and Songnisan, respectively (17.1 km in total). The surveyed trails had, on average, trail width of 0.98m, baresoil width of 0.84 m, maximum erosion depth of 11.6cm, and trail slope of 14.2%. Of 53 out of 112 surveyed points (47.3%), we found exposed roots. Only 47 points (42.0%) did not show any type of physical deterioration. The magnitudes of deterioration in the surveyed closed-trail are relatively lower than those in open-trail in other national parks and are similar to those of ridge trails on the Baekdudaegan mountains.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.326-332
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• 2004

A study of freshwater ichthyofauna was conducted in order to clarify its significance at 14 upstream sites in Muju, Jangsu, Geochang and Hamyang districts in Deogyusan National Park, enclosing Baekdudaegan. The freshwater fish fauna of the Park was measured at the 14 sampling locations from May 2003 to September 2003. The fifteen species gauged included four Korean endemic species and or subspecies (Squalidus japonicus coreanus, Iksookimia longicorpa, Coreoperca herzi, Odontobutis platycephala). Fourteen species were found in the Keum River and seven species in the Nakdong River. However, common species were Punchocypris, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Zacco temmincki, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Coreoperca herzi, and Odontobutis pzatycephala. The dominant species of these regions were Zacco temmincki and Rhynchocypris oxycephalus. Past studies conducted in Baekdudaegan mostly concernedflora and vegetation. In the future, new study concepts for stream corridors involving both animal and plant should be introduced.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.133-144
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• 2014

This study was carried out to review the pattern of forest stand development for six Gangwondo Baekdudaegan Mountains which experienced different type and duration of intensive legal protection. Vegetation data from point sampling method were employed to classify community types by cluster analysis on the basis of the importance values of canopy tree species for the study areas. The names of classified communities were given by the composition of dominant tree species. The communities were also compared one another in terms of stand structure by species diversity index. The results indicated that National Parks (Seoraksan and Odaesan) had greater proportion of mixed mesophytic forest type which was supposed to progress further forest succession process so as to have more complex and diversified stand structure. On the other hand, ordinary forest areas (Seokbyeongsan and Deokhangsan) had greater proportion of the forest types which was dominatively composed of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora. The forest types with large amount of these two species would tend to develop for relatively short period of time of 40-50 years after artificial disturbances. Hyangnobong of Natural Protection Area and Hambaeksan of Natural Ecosystem Conservation Area showed intermediate stand development pattern in between National Parks and ordinary forest areas. The period of intensive legal protection of the forest area was positively correlated with species diversity index (R=0.736), and noted that the forest which received intensive protection regulation for longer period tended to show more complex and diversified stand structure.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2014

This research was conducted on the conservation area of Baekdudaegan, Kangwondo under the purpose of evaluating bio-diversity according to the changes of spatial scale, using GIS data and spatial filtering method. The diversity index was calculated based on the information of species of The $5^{th}$ forest type map using Shannon-weaver index (H'), evenness index ($E_i$) and richness index ($R_i$). The diversity index was analyzed and compared according to the changes of 12 spatial scales from Kernel size $3{\times}3$ to $73{\times}73$ and basin unit. As for H' and $R_i$, spatial scale increased as diversity index decreased, while $E_i$ decreases gradually. H' and $R_i$ was highest; each 1.1 and 0.6, when the Kernel size was $73{\times}73$, while $E_i$ was 0.2, the lowest. When you look at according to the basin unit, for large basin unit, 'YeongDong' region shows higher diversity index than 'YeongSeo' region. For middle basin unit, 'Gangneung Namdaecheon' region, and for small basin unit, 'Gangneung Namdaecheon' and 'Gangneung Ohbongdaem' region shows high diversity index. When you look at the relationship between diversity index and Geographic factors, H' shows positive relation to curvature and sunshine factor while shows negative to elevation, slope, hillshade, and wetness index. Also $E_i$ was similar to the relationship between H' and Geographic factor. Meanwhile, $R_i$ shows positive relationship to curvature and sunshine factor, while negative to elevation, slope, hillshade, and wetness index. macro unit diversity index evaluation was possible through the GIS data and spatial filtering, and it can be a good source for local biosphere conservation policy making.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.107-123
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• 2004

The vascular plants of Mt. Deog-yu area in the Baekdudaegan were recorded as 411 taxa; 91 families, 243 genera, 353 species, 53 varieties and 5 forma. From the floristic point of view, the Baekdudaegan, a main mountain range of the Korean peninsula, in the region of Mt. Deog-yu, belongs to the southern province in Korea, as the species like Cephalotaxus koreana, Lindera obtusiloba, Ilex macropoda and Stewartia koreana. are ranged in this region. But the species of the Northern element such as Betula costata, Betula ermani, Heloniopsis orientalis and Disporum ovale are also recorded in the region. Above the sea level from 1,000m, many sub alpine plant species are recorded. Rare and endangered plant species which are categorized by the Office of Forestry were 10 species such as Lilium cernum, Paeonia obovata, Abies koreana, Disporum ovale, Lilium distichum, Tricyrtis dilatata, Clematis chiisanensis, Bupleurum euphorbioides, Rhododendron schonoskii and Iris ensata var. spontanea. The protected plant species which are categorized by the Ministry of Environment were recorded only Lilium cernum. The Korean endemic plant species were recorded as 22 taxa; 12 families, 21 genera, 20 species 1 varieties, and 1 forma. Among them the plant species such as Cephalotaxus koreana, Abies koreana, Hosta capitata, Polygonatum lasianthum var. coreanum and Tricyrtis dilatata are representative ones in the region.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2004

For the zoning of natural ecosystem, Vegetation Index is calculated from the vegetation data surveyed on Baekdudaegan (from Namdeogyusan to Sosagogae). Five factors-biodiversity, conservation value of the stand, environmental quality, longevity of the stand, site productivity- are considered in the calculation of Vegetation Index. Vegetation Index might be a useful zoning tool for management of Baekdudaegan. For Vegetation Index I, 8 sample plots 12.l％ of total 66 sample plots are belong to core area, 21 sample plots 31.8％ and 37 sample plots 56.l％ are belong to buffer zone and transition area, respectively. For Vegetation Index II, 37 sample plots 41.9% of total 60 sample plots are belong to core area, 19 sample plots 28.8％ and 19 sample plots 28.8% are belong to buffer zone and transition area, respectively.