• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.453-461
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• 2016

Background: This study aims to describe the characterization of Paenibacillus polymyxa GBR-1 (GBR-1) with respect to its positive and negative effects on plants. Methods: The morphological characteristics of GBR-1 were identified with microscopy, and subjected to Biolog analysis for identification. Bacterial population and media optimization were determined by a growth curve. The potential for GBR-1 as a growth promoting agent, to have antagonistic activity, and to have hydrolytic activity at different temperatures was assessed. The coinoculation of GBR-1 with other microorganisms and its pathogenicity on various stored plants, including ginseng, were assessed. Results: Colony morphology, endospore-bearing cells, and cell division of GBR-1 were identified by microscopy; identification was performed by utilizing the Biolog system, gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (GC-FAME). GBR-1 showed the strongest antagonistic activity against fungal and bacterial pathogens. GBR-1 cell numbers were relatively higher when the cells were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium when compared with other media. Furthermore, the starch-hydrolytic activity was influenced by GBR-1 at higher temperature compared to low temperatures. GBR-1 was pathogenic to some of the storage plants. Coinoculation of GBR-1 with other pathogens causes differences in rotting on ginseng roots. A significant growth promotion was observed in tobacco seedlings treated with GBR-1 suspensions under in vitro conditions, suggesting that its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) might play a role in growth promotion. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that GBR-1 has both positive and negative effects on ginseng root and other stored plants as a potential biocontrol agent and eliciting in vitro growth promotion.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2011

This study was conducted to improve the food functional and sensory food quality of Hizikia fusiforme by the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria. Seven strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Korean fermented food were inoculated and cultivated in H. fusiforme water extract. Among them, Lactobacillus brevis LB-20, isolated from Kimchi, was selected for further study by considering the results of bacterial growth, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and sensory evaluation. No significant differences in proximate compositions (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash) were observed by the fermentation of L. brevis LB-20. The most dramatical change was the conversion from glutamate to ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in H. fusiforme water extract fermented by L. brevis LB-20. The GABA content increased approximately 60-fold after 48 hr of fermentation. The bacterial fermentation also resulted in low-molecularization of the extract. The particle size of the fermented extract became approximately 4-fold smaller than that of the law extract. In addition, the analysis of volatile flavor compounds using GC/MS revealed that the bacterial fermentation dramatically removed off-flavors such as acetaldehyde, haxanal, diallyl disulphide and 1-penten-2-ol in the H. fusiforme extract.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.387-400
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• 2023

Ruminal protozoa, especially entodiniomorphs, engulf other members of the rumen microbiome in large numbers; and they release oligopeptides and amino acids, which can be fermented to ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by amino acid-fermenting bacteria (AAFB). Studies using defaunated (protozoa-free) sheep have demonstrated that ruminal protozoa considerably increase intraruminal nitrogen recycling but decrease nitrogen utilization efficiency in ruminants. However, direct interactions between ruminal protozoa and AAFB have not been demonstrated because of their inability to establish axenic cultures of any ruminal protozoan. Thus, this study was performed to evaluate the interaction between Entodinium caudatum, which is the most predominant rumen ciliate species, and an AAFB consortium in terms of feed degradation and ammonia production along with the microbial population shift of select bacterial species (Prevotella ruminicola, Clostridium aminophilum, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius). From an Ent. caudatum culture that had been maintained by daily feeding and transfers every 3 or 4 days, the bacteria and methanogens loosely associated with Ent. caudatum cells were removed by filtration and washing. An AAFB consortium was established by repeated transfers and enrichment with casamino acids as the sole substrate. The cultures of Ent. caudatum alone (Ec) and AAFB alone (AAFB) and the co-culture of Ent. caudatum and AAFB (Ec + AAFB) were set up in three replicates and incubated at 39℃ for 72 h. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) and fiber (NDF), VFA profiles, ammonia concentrations, pH, and microscopic counts of Ent. caudatum were compared among the three cultures. The co-culture of AAFB and Ent. caudatum enhanced DM degradation, VFA production, and Ent. caudatum cell counts; conversely, it decreased acetate: propionate ratio although the total bacterial abundance was similar between Ec and the Ec + AAFB co-culture after 24 h incubation. The ammonia production and relative abundance of C. aminophilum and P. anaerobius did not differ between AAFB alone and the Ec + AAFB co-culture. Our results indicate that Ent. caudatum and AAFB could have a mutualistic interaction that benefited each other, but their interactions were complex and might not increase ammoniagenesis. Further research should examine how such interactions affect the population dynamics of AAFB.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.504-520
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• 2020

Proliferation of shrubs at the expense of native forage in pastures has been associated with large changes in dry-matter intake and dietary components for grazing ruminants. These changes can also affect the animals' physiology and metabolism. However, little information is available concerning the effect of pastoral-shrub grazing on the rumen bacterial community. To explore rumen bacteria composition in grazing yaks and the response of rumen bacteria to increasing shrub coverage in alpine meadows, 48 yak steers were randomly assigned to four pastures with shrub coverage of 0%, 5.4%, 11.3%, and 20.1% (referred as control, low, middle, and high, respectively), and ruminal fluid was collected from four yaks from each pasture group after 85 days. Rumen fermentation products were measured and microbiota composition determined using Ion S5™ XL sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and similarity analysis indicated that the degree of shrub coverage correlated with altered rumen bacterial composition of yaks grazing in alpine shrub meadows. At the phyla level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in rumen increased with increasing shrub coverage, whereas the proportions of Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Verrucomicrobia decreased. Yaks grazing in the high shrub-coverage pasture had decreased species of the genus Prevotellaceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group, Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group and Fretibacterium, but increased species of Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group, Ruminococcus 1, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and Lachnospiraceae UCG-008. These variations can enhance the animals' utilization efficiencies of cellulose and hemicellulose from native forage. Meanwhile, yaks grazed in the high shrub-coverage pasture had increased concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and branched-chain volatile fatty acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate) in rumen compared with yaks grazing in the pasture without shrubs. These results indicate that yaks grazing in a high shrub-coverage pasture may have improved dietary energy utilization and enhanced resistance to cold stress during the winter. Our findings provide evidence for the influence of shrub coverage on the rumen bacterial community of yaks grazing in alpine meadows as well as insights into the sustainable production of grazing yaks on lands with increasing shrub coverage on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.852-862
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of ionophore enriched cold processed mineral block supplemented with urea molasses on microbial growth and rumen fermentation. Twelve adult male crossbred cattle were divided into four groups on body weight basis. Animals were given wheat straw as a basal diet. The animals of group I and II were supplemented with concentrate mixture and animals of group III and IV were supplemented with cold processed urea molasses mineral block (UMMB). Thirty mg monensin/day/animal were supplemented to the animals of group II and 35 ppm monensin were incorporated in the UMMB supplemented to the animals of group IV. Dry matter (DM) intake did not differ significantly among groups. Mean rumen pH was higher in UMMB fed animals. Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration (mmole/L strained rumen liquor (SRL) in group III (113.19) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of group I (105.83) and II (108.74) but similar to group IV (109.34). TVFA production (mole/day) was similar in all the groups. The molar proportion of acetate was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group I (59.56) than those of group II (51.73) and IV (55.91) but similar to group III (57.12). The molar proportion of propionate was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the monensin treated groups i.e. group II (38.38) and IV (36.26) than those of group I (27.78) and III (33.06). Butyrate molar percent was significantly (p<0.01) higher in group I (12.65) than those of group II (10.19), group III (9.83) and IV (7.84). The reduction of acetate and butyrate was due to UMMB and monensin resulted in lower A:P ratio. Average bacterial pool and bacterial production rate did not differ significantly among groups. Total N concentration (mg/100 ml SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group I (55.30) and III (57.70) as compared to the group II (47.97) and IV (47.59). Ammonia-N concentration (mg/100 ml SRL) of group III (34.99) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the group I (25.76) which was again significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the group II (20.79) and IV (19.83) indicating slower release of ammonia due to monensin in diet. Total bacterial, cellulolytic, proteolytic bacterial and fungal count at 4 h post feeding did not differ significantly (p<0.05) among treatment groups. However, methanogenic bacterial count was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the group I (11.80) compared to the group II (8.43) which was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the group III (4.70) and IV (2.90). Average protozoal population was affected by both treatments. Thus feeding of UMMB and monensin in diet affected the rumen fermentation pattern towards propionate production, slower release of ammonia and reduction in methanogenic bacteria in the rumen.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.333-340
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• 2018

This study aimed to estimate the effect of inoculant application level on chemical composition and bacterial count of fermented chestnut meal (FCM), and its rumen fermentation characteristics. The inoculant contained Lactobacillus acidophilus ($1.2{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), Bacillus subtilis ($2.1{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ($2.3{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$). The chestnut meal mixed with molasses, double distilled water, and inoculant at 1 kg, 3 g, 480 mL, and 20 mL ratio for the basal chestnut meal diet. The double distilled water from basal chestnut meal diet was substituted with bacterial inoculant at a level of 0 (Control), 20 (Medium), and 40 mL (High) in the experimental diets. The mixed experimental diets were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. On 7 days of FCM incubation, the contents of crude protein (CP) (quadratic, P=0.043) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.071) decreased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas bacterial count (quadratic, P=0.065) and rumen $NH_3-N$ (linear, P=0.063) increased. By increases of inoculant application levels on 14 days of FCM incubation, the increases were found on dry matter (DM) (quadratic, P=0.085), CP (quadratic, P=0.059), acid detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.056), in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002), rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (linear, P=0.057), and rumen iso-butyrate (linear, P=0.054). However, the decreases were found on bacterial count (linear, P=0.002), propionate (linear, P=0.099), and butyrate (quadratic, P=0.082). On 21 days of FCM incubation, in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002) and total VFA (linear, P=0.001) increased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas the contents of CP (quadratic, P=0.034) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.047) decreased. These results indicate that the FCM with a medium level of inoculant application and 14 of fermentation had beneficial effects by increasing DM digestibility and rumen total VFA content, without altering bacterial count.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.435-439
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• 2004

Three Bacillus strains were isolated from soil samples. Morphological and physiologi­cal characterization indicated that the isolated strains were B. mycoides, B. licheniformis and B. brevis. White pepper was produced from black pepper by the fermentative method using the isolates in shake flaks as well as in a large-scale fermenter. Volatile oil and piperine contents of the product were $3.2\%$ (v/w) and $4\%$ (v/w) respectively. The moisture content was $15\%$. The mi­crobial contamination was less than 10 per 100 g. The product also exhibited excellent storage stability.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2016

Sediment is a useful natural source but deteriorated continually by anthropogenic and industrial sources. Therefore, it is imperative to search a suitable method for improving or restoring sediment quality. Sediment has been tested to identify the effects of some external agents on a polluted area for 28 days. Chemical analysis and total viable counts (TVC) test have been conducted for 4 days interval to assess their performance. The analyses of chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total phosphorous (T-P), total nitrogen (T-N) indicate that the chemical agents was more efficient to improve sediment quality whereas the microbial agent was more efficient for nutrient releasing from sediment. Oxygen releasing property of the chemical agent was thought to be providing with more congenial environment for the higher growth of the bacterial community than the direct application of microbial agents.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.395-400
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• 2022

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a well-known Gramnegative opportunistic pathogen. Neutrophils play key roles in mediating host defense against P. aeruginosa infection. In this study, we identified a metabolite derived from P. aeruginosa that regulates neutrophil activities. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, a markedly increased level of 2-undecanone was identified in the peritoneal fluid of P. aeruginosa-infected mice. 2-Undecanone elicited the activation of neutrophils in a G_αi-phospholipase C pathway. However, 2-undecanone strongly inhibited responses to lipopolysaccharide and bactericidal activity of neutrophils against P. aeruginosa by inducing apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that 2-undecanone from P. aeruginosa limits the innate defense activity of neutrophils, suggesting that the production of inhibitory metabolites is a strategy of P. aeruginosa for escaping the host immune system.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2022

Volatile and non-volatile metabolite profiles of sugar-immersed raspberry liquid during different storage periods were analyzed and comparative analysis with their general characteristics, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality was evaluated to better understand the effect of the storage period on the quality of ugar-immersed raspberry liquid. During storage, a browning reaction occurred, resulting in a change in color and the production of volatile compounds. At the beginning of storage, sucrose was completely decomposed into fructose and glucose, and the sweetness was rapidly reduced, but the increase in succinic acid increased the sour taste. Most volatile compounds increased with an increase of the storage period, and especially, the contents of citronellol, octanoic acid, and hexanoic acid, which are known as antioxidants, showed the highest content in 10 day-sample, showing the highest antioxidant activity at this time. Although a further study on bacterial profiles and browning reaction during the storage will be needed, the results of this study showed that the quality of sugar-soaked raspberry extract was significantly affected by the storage period and can be used as basic data for commercialization of ugar-immersed raspberry liquid.