• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1990

This study was carried out to obtain basic data for the Improvement of microbiological quality of raw milk. Total bacterial, psychrotrophic, thermoduric and spore counts of raw milk samples taken from milk tankers in the nothern part of kyeongnam were investigated for one year from March, 1989. The result obtained were summarized as follow 1. The number of total bacteria in raw milk averaged $4.0{\times}10^6$ CFU / ml and was not affected by seasons 2. The psychrotrophic counts of raw milk averaged $1.5{\times}10^6$ CFU / ml and it was higher in winter than in summer 3. The thermoduric counts of raw milk averaged $5.8{\times}10^4$ CFU / ml and was the lowest in winter 4. The spore counts of raw milk ranging from 3-1, 880/ ml averaged 306/ ml and was the lowest in summer

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Probiotic bacteria have been administered to neonates to serve as maturational stimuli for the developing gut and intestinal immune system, establish and develop the intestinal microbiota, and mediate host-microbe interactions; further, these bacteria have shown beneficial effects In the treatment and reduction of the risk of infectious diseases, necrotizing enterocolitis, and atopic disease. An LAB isolation project to identify effective lactic acid bacteria for Korean people is in progress. The average total counts of lactic acid bacteria, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and coliforms in the fecal samples from 2 provinces were estimated as 8.31, 5.98, 8.13, and 3.01 CFU/g. Additional samples from other provinces will be analyzed to examine the changes in the lactic bacterial counts according to the area, sex of the neonate, mode of delivery, and type of feeding. A database containing the 16S rDNA sequences and the ribosomal protein profile of all the lactic acid bacteria isolated from fecal samples will be constructed. For the effective use of probiotics, a number of clinical studies are needed to formulate guidelines for strain, subject, purpose, and dose.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 1994

The nangmyun is a Korean iced noodle made by putting buckwheat-noodles into cold broth. Seven samples of nangmyun-broths were collected from Korean restaurants in Bucheon during July 1994. The contamination levels of nangmyun-broths by coliform bacteria were determined, and then the 40 colonies of coliform bacteria, isolated randomly from 4 samples of nangmyun-broths, were identified at genus or species level with the additional test for psychrotrophic character The coliform counts in nangmyun-broths were 6.0x102-6.5$\times$104/ml(average 2.3$\times$104%). Among the 40 strains of isolates, 27 strains(67.5%) were identified as the genus Klebsiella, 9 strains(22.5%) as the genus Enterobacter, 2 strains(5.0%) as the genus Citrobacter and 2 strains (5.0%) as the genus Escherichia. Among 27 strains of Klebsiella, 11 strains (40.8%) were identified as K planticola, 4 strains(14.8%) as K. pneumoniae, 2 strains(7.4%) as K. ozaenae and 2 strains(7.4%) as K. terrigena, but 8 strains(29.6%) of a typic\ulcorner1 Klebgiella could not be Identified at species level. All the 40 strains of coliform bacteria were psychrotrophs showing slow growth at 1$0^{\circ}C$, and 18 strains(45%) grew at 5$^{\circ}C$. It was thought to be a good basic data In describing the reason for too high coliform counts in nangmyun-broths that all coliform bacteria tested In this study were psychrotrophs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.392-397
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• 1996

To produce low salt fermented anchovy by an accelerated method with Asp. oryzae and Bacillus sp. koji, enzyme activity and variation of microflora during the 60 day fermentation were examined. Bacterial counts changed a little during the fermentation with the highest on day 40 for proteolytic and anaerobic bacteria and on day 20 for aerobic bacteria. Proteolytic, lipolytic, aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria counts were higher in the Bacillus sp. koji added anchovy paste than in others. The protease and lipase activities reached the highest point on day 20 and 30, respectively, and decreased gradually afterwards. The protease activity was higher in Asp. oryzae koji than in bacillus sp. koji, but the lipase activity was to the contrary.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

In order to estimate the necessity of refrigerated storage of fresh seafood for short-term storage, and evaluate the effect of refrigerated storage on pen shell Atrina pectinata and clam Ruditapes philippinarum collected from Jang-su of Deukryang Bay and I-mok of Sunchen Bay in South Korea, the counts of coliform, Escherichia coli and total aerobic bacteria in A. pectinata and R. philippinarum under non-refrigerated $(28{\pm}1^{\circ}C)$ and refrigerated storage conditions $(4{\pm}1^{\circ}C)$ were determined. The results indicated that the storage at temperature of $4^{\circ}C$ possessed significant effects on inhibiting bacterial growth in live seafood. And refrigerated storage had different effect on A. pectinata and R. philippinarum. Different species and culture environments significantly influenced the initial and ultima bacteria counts. This study confirmed that refrigerated storage for short-term storage of live seafood was necessary, and indicated that the effect of refrigerated storage was influenced by comprehensive effectors.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate radurization effects of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy on beef steaks during 8 days of storage at 5$^{\circ}C$. Total bacteria count, psychrotrophs, mesophiles and thermophiles were analyzed at 2 days intervals. Nonirradiated beef steak was used a scontrol Total bacteria counts, psychrotrophs, mesophiles and thermophiles of the control samples showed 3.03∼4.72 logCFU / g at 0 day and increased to 7.67∼10.90 logCFU / g during 8 days storage except thermophiles. Total bacteria counts, psychrotrophs and mesophiles of beef steaks at 8 days were significantly (p＜0.05) decreased to 3.61∼5.43 logCFU / g by gamma ray and to 3.83∼7.02 logCFU / g by electron beam irradiation at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy. Thermophiles of all irradiated samples at any dose were not detectable through 8 days storage. These results suggested that both gamma ray and electron beam irradiation were effective to extend lag phase of bacterial growth of refrigerated beef. Gamma ray irradiation was better than electron beam irradiation in terms of radurization effects of beef.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.545-550
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• 2001

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on pH, titratable acidity, color, hardness and microorganisms of Chinese Cabbage Kimchi were investigated. Kimchi was pressurized at $200{\sim}600$ MPa for 5 min. There were no significant differences in color and hardness between control and pressurized Kimchi (p>0.05). Total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria were effectively inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure above 400 MPa. Changes in pH, titratable acidity, color, hardness and microbial counts for 4 weeks storage of Kimchi were investigated Kimchi was pressurized at 400 MPa for 5 min and stored at $4^{\circ}C$. The pH of control decreased to 3.94 but pressurized Kimchi maintained its initial pH value throughout the storage. The color of control showed significantly low values compared with pressureized Kimchi (p<0.05), but hardness was not significantly changed (p>0.05). Total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria in the control were reduced from the initial value of $10^8{\sim}10^9$ CFU/mL to $10^6$CFU/mL after 4 weeks storage. Whereas microbial counts in pressurized Kimchi was maintained about $10^3{\sim}10^4$ CFU/mL during storage.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.181-198
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• 1998

In order to determine the optimum pasteurization conditions by microwave heating(MWH) at $50^{\circ}C{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ for 30 minute compared with water bath heating(WBH) at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30minute during storage at $5^{\circ}C$, the chemical composition, microbiological changes and keeping quality were examined and the results were as follows: 1. The fat protein lactose, total solid contents of raw milk, at $50{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in MWH and at 65 for $30^{\circ}C$ min. in WBH did not changed significantly during the storage at $5^{\circ}C$. 2. The pH and acidity for the raw milk untreated were 6.75 and 0.16%, and those of MWH heated and WBH milk wee 6.75~6.50 and 0.16%~0.19%, phosphatase test were negative at $61^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. at $62^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. at $63^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. at $64^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. at $65^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. in MWH and at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in WBH. 3. Whey protein content was $18.53mg/m{\ell}$ in raw milk untreated, however, those were decreased as the heating temperature increased. The proteolytic activity of treated milk by WBH(44%) was lower than that by MWH(94%). 4. Total bacteria counts were $2.8{\times}10^5CFU/m{\ell}$ in raw milk untreated, $2.8{\times}10^3CFU/m{\ell}$ at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. $2.4{\times}10^3CFU/m{\ell}$ at $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in MWH and $3.0{\times}10^3CFU/m{\ell}$ at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in WBH. Because total bacteria count did not increased in MWH at $65^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. and $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in WBH during the 10 days storaging, Also, total bacteria counts for treated milk were a most drastic decrease after $61^{\circ}C$, $62^{\circ}C$, $63^{\circ}C$, $64^{\circ}C$, $65^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. in MWH. 5. Coliform bacteria counts were $2.6{\times}10^3CFU/m{\ell}$ in raw milk untreated. There were not detected at $55^{\circ}C{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in MWH and at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in WBH. Coliform bacteria counts were not detected after $61^{\circ}C$, $62^{\circ}C$, $63^{\circ}C$, $64^{\circ}C$, $65^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. in MWH. 6. Thermoduric bacteria counts were $5.2{\times}10^4CFU/m{\ell}$ in raw milk untreated, $2.0{\times}10^3CFU/m{\ell}$ at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. $1.9{\times}10^3CFU/m{\ell}$ at $70^{\circ}C$ for 30min. in MWH and $2.2{\times}10^3CFU/m{\ell}$ at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in WBH. Because thermoduric bacteria counts did not increased in MWH at $65^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. and $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in WBH during the 10days storaging. Also, thermoduric bacteria counts were a most drastic decrease after $61^{\circ}C$, $62^{\circ}C$, $63^{\circ}C$, $64^{\circ}C$, $65^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. in MWH. 7. Psychrotrophic bacteria counts were $2.8{\times}10^5CFU/m{\ell}$ in raw milk untreated, $2.0{\times}10^1CFU/m{\ell}$ at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. $2.0{\times}10^1CFU/m{\ell}$ at $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in MWH and $3.0{\times}10^1CFU/m{\ell}$ at $65^{\circ}C$for 30 min. in WBH. Because psychrotrophic bacteria counts did not increased in MWH at $65^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$ for 30min. and $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. in WBH during the 10 days storaging. Also, psychrotrophic bacteria counts were a most drastic decrease after $61^{\circ}C$, $62^{\circ}C$, $63^{\circ}C$, $64^{\circ}C$, $65^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. in MWH.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.21 no.1 s.59
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• pp.12-20
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• 2006

This paper was conducted concerning the degree of indoor air quality in public transport vehicles such as taxicabs, buses and subway trains, as sampled through the active participation of drivers and passengers in Seoul between 13th August 2005 and 2nd November 2005. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Among the measured substances especially respirable particulate matters ($PM_{10}$), total bacteria counts (TBC) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) exceeded the standard level of $150{\mu}g/m^3,\;800CFU/m^3$ and 1000ppm. 2. The concentration of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) in taxi recorded 2491ppm, which is more than the standard amount of 1000ppm. This level was comparatively higher than all other public transportation methods. Total bacteria counts (TBC) in bus and subway recorded $1082CFU/m^3\;and\;1856CFU/m^3$, respectively. 3. The drivers who regularly work long hours showed the higher concern about contamination of the air inside the public transport vehicles and they considered it to be worse than the air outside. In contrast, the general public showed less concern about the air quality inside the public transport vehicles. However, they too acknowledged that the quality of the air inside the public transport vehicles was poor. In regards to the degree of indoor air quality in the public transport vehicles, a counterplan must be implemented urgently to effectively combat the excessive levels of $PM_{10}$, microorganism and $CO_2$. We need to gather more conclusive evidence pertaining to other possible contaminants and influencing factors.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2010

Indicator bacteria of fecal pollution were enumerated and compared by various detection methods for influent and final effluent of a sewage treatment plant. Total coliforms were enumerated by four methods including most probable numbers, chromogenic enzyme substrate test, membrane filtration, and plate counts and were about $10^4$ for influent and $10^2{\sim}10^3\;CFU/ml$ for final effluent. Fecal coliforms ranged between $10^3$ and $10^4$ for influent and $10^2\;CFU/ml$ for effluent by chromogenic enzyme substrate test and membrane filtration. Fecal streptococci counts were 1-log less than fecal coliforms counts, $10^2{\sim}10^3$ for influent and $10^1\;CFU/ml$ for effluent. Total coliforms numbers by plate count both in influent and in effluent showed 1-log higher than by the other three methods. Statistical analysis revealed that numbers of total coliforms by plate count in final effluent had the highest average of correlation (r=0.778, p<0.01) compared with those by the other three methods. In addition, total coliforms numbers by plate count showed most significant correlation (r=0.835, p<0.01) with those by chromogenic test which is well-known as its highest recovery efficiency. These results suggest that the plate count would be the optimum detection method for total coliforms in wastewater treatment plants which are the only microbiological standard of final effluent from wastewater treatment plants in the Republic of Korea, considering economic aspects and difficulties in laboratories.