• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.426-436
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• 2001

흡연은 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환의 가장 흔하고 중요한 원인이며 발생기전으로 단백분해효소 및 그 억제제의 불균형에 의한 폐조직 파괴가 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져 있다. 생체내의 여러 단백분해효소 중 matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) 의 역할에 대한 연구가 최근 활발한데, 이들의 다수는 젤라틴 분해능을 보인다. 연구자들은 흡연에 의한 MMPs의 발현 및 폐기종 발생과의 관련성을 규명하기 위한 첫 단계로 기니픽에서 흡연에 의한 젤라틴 분해 단백분해효소의 발현 양상을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 500gm 가량의 건강한 기니핀 15마리를 대조군 5마리, 6주 흡연군 5마리, 12주 흡연군 5마리 씩 배정한 후, 하루에 5시간 씩, 담배 20개피를 간접 흡연시키는 과정을 일주일에 5회 반복하였다. 흡연력의 정도에 따른 폐조직 내 세포 침윤의 증가를 알아보기 위해, 폐조직을 H&E 염색한 후 400배 확대 시야에서 보이는 폐포벽의 세포 수를 계산하여 일반선형모델을 이용한 통계 분석법으로 처리하였다. 흡연에 의한 젤라틴 분해 단백분해효소의 발현 양상을 알아보기 위해 기관지폐포세척술을 시행하여 폐포내 세포를 얻은 다음 이를 배양접시에 $1{\times}10^6$개 씩 분주하였는데, 한 배양접시에는 아무 처치도 하지 않았고 다른 한쪽은 0.1mM의 EDTA를 첨가하였다. 48시간의 배 양 후 얻은 상층액으로 'gelatin zymography'를 시행하여 젤라틴 분해 단백분해효소의 발현 및 EDTA에 의한 억제 여부를 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 대조군의 혈중 평균 COHb 농도는 4.1g/dl인 반면, 흡연 노출군의 혈중 평균 COHb 농도는 5시간 노출 직후에는 24g/dl, 노출 후 30분에는 18g/dl, 노출 후 1 시간 후에는 15g/dl 로 측정되어 충분한 흡연노출이 이루어졌다. 400배 시야에서 보이는 폐포벽의 세포 수는 대조군은 $121.4{\pm}7.2$, 6주 흡연군은 $158.0{\pm}20.2$. 12주 흡연군은 $196.8{\pm}32.8$로 측정되어 선형회귀관계가 관찰되었다(p=0.001, $r^2=0.675$). 또한 침윤된 세포의 대부분은 염증 세포였다. 한편, 대조군에서는 젤라틴 분해 단백분해효소가 발현되지 않은 반면에, 6주 흡연군 및 12주 흡연군에서는 젤라틴분해 단백분해효소가 여러 개 관찰되었다. 또한 이 중의 일부는 EDTA에 의해 효소 활성도가 억제되었다. 결 론 : 흡연에 의해 기니픽의 폐조직에서 여러 젤라틴 분해 단백분해효소 발현이 증가하며 이 중의 일부는 MMPs의 억제제인 EDTA 에 의해 억제된다. 이는 흡연에 의해 MMPs의 발현이 증가할 가능성을 시사한다고 하겠다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.90-102
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• 2012

본 연구의 대상인 허주부군산수유첩(虛舟府君山水遺帖)은 고서벽(古書癖), 탄금벽(彈琴癖), 화훼벽(花卉癖), 서화벽(書畵癖) 그리고 주유벽(舟遊癖) 등 오벽(五癖)을 가진 인물인 고성 이씨 11대 종손 허주(虛舟) 이종악(李宗岳: 1726-1773)이 1763년 4월 4일부터 8일까지 5일간 18명의 친인척들과 임청각에서 시작해 양정(羊汀), 칠탄(七灘), 사빈서원(泗濱書院), 선창(船倉), 낙연(落淵), 선찰(仙刹)과 선유정(仙遊亭), 몽선각(夢仙閣), 백운정(白雲亭)과 내앞마을(川前里), 이호(伊湖), 선어대(鮮魚帶)를 거쳐 귀착지인 반구정(伴鷗亭)에 이르기까지 '안동팔경' 또는 '임하구곡'으로 불리우는 반변천(半邊川) 주변의 절경지를 선유(船遊)하며 남긴 십이폭의 화첩이다. 산수유첩에 표현된 장소 및 경물 그리고 식물요소를 중심으로 과거와 현재의 경관 및 풍물에 대한 물리 생태적, 시각 미학적 변화에 주목한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 산수유첩의 표현된 맑은 강물과 하얀 백사장 그리고 기암절벽을 배경으로 이루어진 시회(詩會), 거문고 소리에 귀 기울이는 선상(船上) 풍류는 조선시대 상류층의 선유(船遊) 놀이문화를 보여주는 좋은 사례다. 아쉽게도 임하댐과 안동댐 건설로 초래된 심대한 시각적 변화와 생태적 변동으로 인해 양정과범(羊汀過帆), 칠탄후선(七灘候船), 사수범주(泗水泛舟), 선창계람(船倉繫纜), 낙연모색(落淵莫色), 망천귀도(輞川歸棹), 이호정도(伊湖停棹)의 경관상은 본래의 정취를 전혀 느낄 수 없으며, 단지 화폭에 묘사된 그림을 통해 당시의 풍광과 정취를 가늠할 수 있다. 허주부군산수유첩의 제1도(동호해람(東湖解纜))와 제11도(선어반조(鮮魚返照))에는 회화나무나 시무나무 또는 느릅나무 등 낙엽활엽교목으로 판단되는 수목들이 표현되었고, 제9도(운정풍범(雲亭風帆))의 '개호(開湖)'라 불리는 솔숲을 운천공이 1617년에 소나무를 식재해 형성한 숲이다. 그 외 승경도에서는 자연지형과 조화를 이룬 소나무 등의 상록침엽수와 정자나 건물 주변에 식재된 낙엽교목류가 표현되고 있다. 허주부군산수유첩과 신암의 동유십소기(東遊十小記)의 비교 고찰한 결과, 임하구곡의 일곡의 백운정으로부터, 이곡 임천과 임천서원, 사곡 사수의 사빈서원, 오곡 송석, 육곡 선창의 수석, 칠곡 낙연현류, 팔곡 선찰사와 선유정, 구곡 표옹 유허로 재차 확인되었으며, 모호했던 삼곡은 마천과 칠탄으로 추정된다. 허주부군산수유첩은 조선 후기의 낙동강 최대 지류인 반변천 연안의 경관이 절묘하게 표현되어 있으며, 댐 건설로 현재는 찾아보기 힘든 선인들의 선유 풍류와 경관요소들을 음미할 수 있는 도형사료로써의 가치를 확인한 것이 본 연구의 작은 성과로 판단된다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.99-130
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• 2011

최근, 제품 디자인의 차별화 방법 중 하나로 제품에 명화(名畵)를 차용하는 이른바 '명화 마케팅(masterpiece marketing)'이 각광받고 있다. 본 연구는 시장에서 널리 사용되고 있는 명화 마케팅에 체계적이고 과학적인 방법을 적용하여, 명화에서 유발되는 감정이 제품 속성 평가에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소임을 밝혀내고자 하였다. 본 연구는 명화가 가지는 본질적 기능인 감상자의 정서 유발에 초점을 맞추어, 차용된 명화에서 유발되는 감정(affect)이 해당 제품 평가에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가에 대한 가설을 세웠다. 보다 구체적으로 기존 감정 연구에서 제시된 감정의 두 축, 쾌(pleasure), 환기(arousal)의 수준에서 차이가 나는 명화가 각각 제품에 차용되었을 경우, 소비자의 제품 평가에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가에 대해 제품의 유형(실용재/ 쾌락재)과 각 속성(실용적 속성/ 쾌락적 속성)에 대한 평가의 차이를 통해 살펴보았다. 분석 결과, 긍정 감정을 야기하는 명화에 대한 선호도가 부정감정을 야기하는 명화에 대한 선호도보다 높았으며, 제품 유형에 관계없이 긍정감정을 유발하는 명화를 제품에 차용하였을 경우 부정감정을 유발하는 명화를 제품에 차용했을 때보다 제품태도가 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 이를 바탕으로 명화가 유발하는 감정이 제품태도에 미치는 영향은 명화에 대한 선호도에 의해 매개됨을 밝혀냈다. 감정의 또 다른 한 축인 환기 수준이 높은 명화를 실용재인 우유에 차용했을 경우, 쾌락적 속성에 대한 평가가 높아진 반면, 환기 수준이 낮은 명화를 차용했을 경우에는 실용적 속성에 대한 평가가 높아졌다. 그러나 쾌락재인 초콜릿의 경우 이러한 차이가 발견되지 않아 제품에 차용된 명화에서 유발되는 감정 수준(환기 수준)이 제품 유형에 따라 각각 다른 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 점에서 의의가 있다. 첫째, 시장에서 널리 사용되고 있는 명화 마케팅에 체계적이고 과학적인 방법을 적용하여, 명화에서 유발되는 감정이 제품 속성 평가에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소임을 밝혀내었다. 둘째, 긍정/부정 감정에 초점을 두어 진행되었던 기존 연구에서 더 나아가 감정의 또 다른 축인 환기가 제품 속성평가에 차별적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 미술자료
• /
• 제104권
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• pp.102-142
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• 2023

보신각종은 호불군주 세조가 즉위 10년을 맞이하여 한양 도성 한복판에 원각사를 건립하면서 그곳에 봉안하고자 1468년에 조성한 범종(梵鐘)이었다. 현재 보신각종은 타종할 수 없을 정도로 많이 손상되었는데, 그것은 원각사종에서 보신각종으로의 역사적 변천을 잘 보여준다. 필자는 본고에서 보신각종에 가해진 인위적 훼손에 주목하여, 누가, 언제, 왜 훼손하였으며, 그 역사적 의미는 무엇인가를 살펴보았다. 먼저 제1장에서는 관련되는 선행 연구성과를 검토하여 필자의 문제의식과 연구 관점 및 방법론을 제시하였다. 특히 가장 주된 논점인 보신각종과 원각사종의 관계에 초점을 맞추어 학설사를 검토하여, '보신각종=원각사종'의 관점에서 필자가 논의를 전개함을 밝혔다. 이어서 제2장에서는 세조가 원각사종을 조성하게 된 배경을 검토하였다. 구체적으로 조선 초에 왕명으로 조성한 종들을 조종(朝鍾)과 범종(梵鐘)으로 나눈 다음, 조종 4구-태조의 종루종, 태종의 돈화문종, 세종의 광화문종, 세조의 사정전종-와, 범종 3구-세조의 용문사종, 흥천사종(또는 정릉사종) 및 원각사종-를 만든 시기순으로 정리하였다. 요컨대, 세조는 만년에 원각사종을 조성하면서, 거기에 한 마음으로 임금과 부처가 소리로써 백성을 교화하겠다는 의미를 부여하였던 것이다. 그리고 제3장에서는 보신각종에 보이는 인위적 훼손의 흔적을 면밀하게 고찰하였다. 먼저 보신 각종의 현상을 관찰한 다음, 이를 보신각종을 전후하여 조성한 흥천사종(1462) 및 봉선사종(1469)과 비교하여, 범종의 구성 요소 가운데 무엇이 얼마나 훼손되었는가를 추적하였다. 훼손된 구성 요소는 다시 불교적 요소-견대(肩帶)의 복련(伏蓮), 보살입상 4구, 최항(崔恒)이 지은 종명(鐘銘)-와, 비(非)불교적 요소-주종 관계자 가운데 도제조(都提調) 명단-로 나누어진다. 전자는 원각사종에서 불교 문자와 상징이 지워졌다는 점에 착안하여 이를 '불교지우기'라 명명하고 그 이념적 요인으로 동시대 유자(儒者)들의 맹렬한 벽불론(闢佛論)을 주목하였으며, 후자는 정치적 요인으로 연산군의 갑자사화를 지목하였다. 그리고 보신각종의 인위적 훼손에는 이념적 요인과 정치적 요인이 동시에 작용하였다는 점에서, 그 시기를 갑자사화(1504년)부터 연산군 퇴위까지로 추정하였다. 마지막으로 제4장에서는 범종으로서의 원각사종이 조종으로서의 보신각종으로 바뀌는 과정을 추적하고, 그 변신의 의미를 종소리의 상징성에 초점을 맞추어 음미하였다. 1468년 최종적으로 완성된 원각사종은 1504년까지 36년이라는 짧은 시간 동안만 예불(禮佛)을 위한 범종으로서 본연의 역할을 수행하였으며, 1504년 원각사가 폐사되면서 그 역할도 끝났다. 1536년에는 원각사지에서 남대문으로 옮겨졌으며, 1594년 11월 다시 타종할 때까지 전후 90년 동안 침묵 속에 방치되었다. 그런데 임진왜란 때의 병화로 종루종이 파괴되면서 원각사종은 조종으로 재탄생하였으며, 명동 고개를 거쳐 1619년 종루로 이전되었다. 이때부터 명실상부한 종루종[보신각종]으로서 1908년 일제가 타종을 중단시킬 때까지 300년 가까이 매일 새벽[파루(罷漏)]과 저녁[인정(人定)]마다 규칙적으로 타종되었다. 원각사종[범종]에서 보신각종[조종]으로의 변신은, 종소리가 상징하는 바가 부처의 소리에서 임금의 소리로 바뀌었음을 의미한다. 원각사종이 보신각종으로 바뀌는 과정에서 단적으로 드러난 '불교지우기'는, 조선 전시기에 걸쳐 불교의 거의 모든 분야에서 광범위하게 일어났다. 요컨대, 보신각종에서 확인되는 불교지우기야말로 조선시대 한국 사회의 탈불교화를 역설한다 하겠다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2012

대기업과 중소기업의 갈등이 심화되고 있고 낙수효과 또한 제대로 작동하지 않고 있으며 사업조정제도의 실효성에 대한 논란이 이어지고 있는 가운데 중소기업의 사업영역을 보호하고 중소 대기업간 양극화를 해소하며 더불어 골목상권도 보호하기 위한 방안으로 도입된 것이 중소기업 적합업종 지정제도이다. 중소기업 적합업종의 추진현황은 제조업분야로 중소기업 적합업종 품목 중 234개 품목을 신청 접수 받아 실태조사 및 분석하여 조정협의체의 품목을 선정하였다. 서비스업분야에서의 적합업종 지정은 사회적 갈등이 있는 업종부터 지정할 계획인데, 중소기업 및 소상공인의 생업과 관련된 3개 대분류 서비스업종을 대상으로 우선 지정하고 추후 순차적으로 확대할 예정이다. 하지만 중소기업 적합업종 품목으로 선정될 경우에는 중소기업의 성장 동기가 저해될 우려가 있으며, 중소기업 적합업종 품목 지정은 소비자 후생 감소가 나타날 수 있다. 또한 사전적 규제로 작용할 소지가 높을 뿐만 아니라 경쟁을 제도적으로 제한함으로써 부작용이 나타날 우려가 있으며 FTA 체제의 주요 규정에 대한 위배 가능성도 있다. 뿐만아니라 대기업에 대한 역차별 요인이 충분히 반영되지 않고 있다는 점도 문제점으로 지적된다. 특히 중소기업 적합업종제도가 대기업의 주력분야와 관계없는 서비스업에 대한 진출 확대로 인해 중소기업 및 소상공인과의 갈등을 초래하고 있는 실정이므로 중소기업이나 중소상인의 보호를 위해서는 프랜차이즈시스템을 통해서 지역 중소기업을 발전시키고 마스터 프랜차이즈나 지역 프랜차이즈 시스템과 같은 선진 계약 방식을 도입하는 것이 필요하다. 하지만 이러한 방식은 기업들의 경쟁력과 운영방식을 한층 더 진일보 시켜 중소 프랜차이즈기업의 경쟁력 강화에 기여하는 효과도 있지만 부정적 측면이 더 많다고 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 지식경제부가 밝히고 있듯이, 프랜차이즈산업은 자영업자의 창업 성공률을 높여주고, 기존 자영업자를 조직화하여 규모의 경제를 통한 경쟁력 강화에 기여할 뿐만 아니라 다양한 서비스를 소비자에게 제공함으로써 내수시장을 확대하고, 일자리 창출에 기여하는 등 자영업자 경쟁력 제고와 서비스 산업 활성화를 위한 '유용한 수단'임을 강조하고 정부 서민안정 대책으로 밝힌바 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본다면, 프랜차이즈는 적합업종 제도의 취지에 부합하는 것이며 이에 반하는 것이 아님을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 적합업종으로 지정될 경우 국제적 경쟁력을 갖고 있는 국내 프랜차이즈 대기업들의 위축과 사기저하로 인하여 해외진출과 R&D, 식품안전에 대한 투자 감소와 더불어 국내 진출한 해외 기업들의 사업 확장에 부정적 영향을 끼칠 수 있다. 또한 국내 진출한 다국적 해외 프랜차이즈기업들과의 경쟁력을 확보하는 것이 무엇보다도 시급한 국내 프랜차이즈산업 현실에서 국제적 경쟁력 확보의 어려움뿐만 아니라 국내에 진출한 해외 프랜차이즈기업들과의 역차별이 발생할 수도 있다. 셋째, 중소기업 적합업종 품목 지정은 지금까지 제품을 사용해 왔던 소비자들의 선택의 기회를 제한함과 동시에 소비자의 후생을 감소시키는 부정적인 효과를 초래한다. 또한 중소기업 간의 역차별 문제를 발생시켜 소수 중소기업이 시장을 독점함으로써 소비자 선택의 폭이 줄어들 가능성이 있으므로 제품의 효용을 판단하는 역할은 국가가 아닌 소비자의 몫으로 남겨두어야 한다. 마지막으로는 프랜차이즈와 관련하여 이미 가맹사업법과 그리고 공정거래위원회의 모범거래기준 등의 시행으로 공정거래는 확보하고 있으므로 앞으로도 부족한 부분은 이들을 보완하여 진행하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. 중소기업 적합업종 지정으로 이중삼중으로 규제하는 것은 오히려 프랜차이즈 분야에 과도한 제한이 될 것이다. 이제 국내 프랜차이즈산업에서도 한국의 문화를 전파하는 세계적 프랜차이즈기업이 성장할 수 있는 환경조성과 정부의 적극적인 지원이 필요하다. 따라서 프랜차이즈 기업의 성장 과정이나 배경을 고려하지 않고 현재 대기업이라는 이유만으로 이들에게 불이익을 주는 일은 없어야 한다. 프랜차이즈기업의 성장억제로 인하여 결국 가맹점의 매출감소는 물론이고 심지어는 폐업하는 가맹점의 숫자를 증가시키는 또 다른 문제를 발생시킬 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 중소기업 적합업종제도가 대기업의 발목을 잡는 것이 아니라 소상공인과 중소기업의 경쟁력 제고와 동반성장을 목표로 하고 있는 만큼 대기업과 소상공인 및 중소기업이 상생과 협력을 바탕으로 거래관계를 지속하는 프랜차이즈 기업들이 포함되지 않도록 하는 것이 타당할 것이다.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.37-76
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• 2017

베트남이 메콩 델타로 영토를 팽창하는 역사 속에서 완거정은 두 개의 얼굴을 갖는다. 하나는 현재 베트남 영토 내에 있는 메콩 델타 거의 전부를 획득하는 데서 그의 공헌이다. 또 하나는 베트남 역사를 읽는 독자들의 눈을 현재의 베트남 영역에만 머물게 하는 그의 역할이다. 독자들에게 완거정의 메콩 델타 획득은 베트남 남진사의 마지막 단계로 인식된다. 그러나 완거정의 업적은 부분적이었을 뿐이다. 이 연구는 메콩 델타에서의 영토 팽창 추이에서 완거정 보다 무왕에 주목한다. 무왕의 목표는 완거정의 공헌에 의해 성취된 영토 획득보다 더 야심적이었다. 그리고 이 야심은 새로운 세계, 새로운 국제 질서를 건설한다는 그의 꿈에 의해 추동된 것이며, 그가 건설한 수도 푸쑤언은 이 새 국제 질서의 중심지였다. 여기서 그는 황제가 되기를 희망했다. 주장을 입증하기 위해서 필자는 세 가지의 요소를 검토하고 있다. 첫째는 무왕 왕권의 성격이다. 두 번째는 메콩 델타에서의 군사 작전을 위한 준비 과정이다. 셋째는 새로이 무왕의 판도로 편입된 땅의 성격에 대한 것이다. 북부 홍하 델타에 근거한 레 황실의 신하를 자처하던 선대 지배자들의 태도와 결별하면서 무왕은 즉위한 지 6년 뒤인 1744년 자신이 왕임을 선포했다. 행정 조직이 개편되었고 의복과 풍속도 북부의 것을 버리고 남국의 것을 제정하였다. 무왕은 캄보디아, 참파, 수사, 화사, 만상, 남장 등 조공국도 충분히 확보했다. 레 왕조와 비교해 이 조공국의 숫자는 더 많았으며 19세기 대남 제국의 조공국 수와 맞먹었다. 필자는 이 시점에서 무왕이 실제로 원했던 자리는 왕이 아니라 황제였음을 지적한다. 비록 무왕의 시도는 실패했지만 그는 자신을 천왕이라고 칭함으로써 통상적인 왕은 아님을 분명히 했다. 캄보디아 왕이 캄보디아 영토 내의 참족을 공격한 게 무왕에게는 캄보디아에 개입하는 충분한 이유로 작용했다. 무왕은 이 참족이 자신의 신복이라 여겼다. 왕은 그들이 자신의 판도 내에 있는 참 즉 순성진 참인의 일부라고 간주했기 때문이다. 무왕은 1750년에 캄보디아에 전쟁을 선포했다. 동시에 그는 태국왕에게 외교 서한을 보냈는데 여기서 그는 캄보디아가 자신의 배타적 조공국임을 천명했다. 캄보디아의 영토였던 메콩 델타에의 공격을 개시하기 전에 무왕은 푸쑤언을 새로 건설해 제국의 위상에 걸맞는 권력중심지로 삼았다. 인플레이션, 기근, 경제 왜곡 등도 이 시기를 특징짓는 면모였다. 그러나 이 연구는 무왕의 메콩 델타 진출 이유라고 이야기되어 온 이런 경제적인 측면보다 제국 건설자로서 무왕이 보이던 적극적 정책에 더 관심을 가지며 이런 정책에 기초한 영토 팽창의 욕구가 메콩 델타의 광활한 땅을 차지하고자 하는 데 결정적인 이유가 되었다고 주장한다. 1754년부터 3년 동안 현재 베트남의 영토에 해당하는 메콩 델타 대부분이 무왕의 영토로 편입되었다. 여기에는 완거정의 역할이 컸다. 그러나 무왕이 차지하고자 한 영역의 범주는 여기에 더해 메콩 오른편에 해당하며 현재의 사이공보다 위쪽에 있는 껌뽕짬, 프레이비엥, 스바이리엥을 포괄했다. 많아진 조공국의 수에 걸맞게 제국의 영토는 넉넉히 확대되어야 했다. 무왕의 전략은 '잠식지계'와 '이만공만'의 변주곡이었다고 이 글은 주장한다. 무왕은 하부캄보디아에 해당하는 델타를 야금야금 차지했다. 이는 누에가 뽕잎을 먹는 것과 같다는 게 일반적인 이해 방식이다. 그러나 무왕의 최종적 목표는 위에서 언급한 메콩 델타 세 개의 주까지 다 먹어치우는 것이었다. '다 먹어치운다'는 건 '잠식'의 또 다른 의미이자 적용이었다. 무왕은 현 롱안 지역으로부터 쩌우독에 이르기까지의 땅을 차지하는 과정에서 참인을 이용해 캄보디아를 쳤다. 이것은 '이만공만'의 표준적 적용이었다. 이에 더해 그는 막씨가 관할하던 중국인 망명자들을 이용해 하띠엔과 그 주변 지역을 캄보디아 왕으로부터 취했다. '이만공만'의 또다른 적용이라고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로, 필자는 19세기에 출현할 응우옌 왕조의 제국 질서 뿌리를 바라보는 새로운 방식을 주장한다. 제국 질서는 홍하 델타에 근거한 대월 제국 왕조들의 오랜 역사의 결과물이 아니라 푸쑤언에 앉은 무왕의 신 세계질서를 계승한 것이라는 주장이다. '이만공만'과 '잠식지계'는 무왕의 후손들에게 여전히 유용했다. 그의 손자인 쟈롱은 타이, 크메르, 라오, 중국인, 산지민, 유럽인 같은 '만'을 이용해 또다른 '만'인 '떠이썬 도적떼(西賊)'를 이겼다. 떠이썬에는 수많은 중국인 및 중국 해적이 활동하고 있었으며 참인, 산지민이 있었다. 무왕의 증손자인 민망 황제는 화려한 제국을 건설했다. 동시에 그는 캄보디아와 참 영역을 몽땅 먹어치우면서 영토 확장에도 골몰하고 있었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.