• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.29B no.4
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• pp.58-65
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• 1992

In this paper new back propagation algorithm which adds neurons to hidden layer is proposed. this proposed algorithm is applied to the pattern recognition of written number coupled with back propagation algorithm through omitting redundant learning. Learning rate and recognition rate of the proposed algorithm are compared with those of the conventional back propagation algorithm and the back propagation through omitting redundant learning. The learning rate of proposed algorithm is 4 times as fast as the conventional back propagation algorithm and 2 times as fast as the back propagation through omitting redundant learning. The recognition rate is 96.2% in case of the conventional back propagation algorithm, 96.5% in case of the back propagation through omitting redundant learning and 97.4% in the proposed algorithm.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aims to contribute to developing new pattern identification based on searches regarding pattern identification of low back pain, which is used in thesis both in Korea and China. Methods : First of all, we searched thesis concerning pattern identification of low back pain from RISS, OASIS, Korean traditional knowledge portal, CNKI. Results : 1. There were overall 34 thesis, consist of 18 Korean thesis(13 clinical papers and 5 analytical papers) and 9 Chinese thesis(7 clinical papers and 9 analytical papers). 2. 10 of 11 Korean thesis used more than 9 patterns for pattern identification, 9 of 14 Chinese thesis used less than 4 patterns for pattern identification of low back pain. 3. Patterns, which were repeatedly used in Korea, were 腎虛腰痛(Kidney deficiency low back pain), 濕熱腰痛(Dampness-heat low back pain), 寒濕腰痛(Cold-dampness low back pain), 痰飮腰痛(Phlegm-fluid retention low back pain), 風腰痛(Wind low back pain), 食積腰痛(Food accumulation low back pain), 濕腰痛(Dampness low back pain), 挫閃腰痛(Sprain low back pain), 瘀血腰痛(Static blood low back pain), 氣腰痛(Qi low back pain). 4. Patterns, which were repeatedly used in China, were 腎虛腰痛(Kidney deficiency low back pain), 濕熱腰痛(Dampness-heat low back pain), 寒濕腰痛(Cold-dampness low back pain), 氣滯血瘀腰痛(Blood stasis due to qi stagnation low back pain). Conclusions : Based on these results, it is considered that an advanced type of pattern identification of low back pain should be made or existing type needs to be practically and objectively improved.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.131-142
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• 2009

Geosynthetic reinforced soil walls are well recognized alternatives to conventional retaining walls due to many advantages in terms of ease of construction, economy, and aesthetics, among others. In recent years, the use of back-to-back (BTB) geosynthetic reinforced soil walls has been increasing for roadway and railway construction. However, there are insufficient studies concerning the behavior of BTB type geosynthetic reinforced soil walls. In this study a series of finite element analysis were performed for BTB walls with various wall geometry and reinforcement distribution. The results were then analyzed to relate the wall geometry and reinforcement distribution and the performance of BTB walls. Optimum reinforcement pattern was also investigated.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.484-490
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the impact of job stress on low back symptoms among Clinical nurses (CNs) in university hospital. Methods: A total of 322 CNs employed in a hospital in Seoul were interviewed by a well-trained interviewer using the structured questionnaire. Data collected for this study includes demographics, social and work characteristics, low back symptoms, and job stress. To test the impact of job stress on low back symptoms, we used multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of low back symptoms was 25.8% in this study. Low back symptoms differed significantly by factors, such as physical work burden, past history of injury and work duration. Also low back symptoms differed significantly by organizational system among independent variables of job stress. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of organizational system to low back symptoms was 2.07 after an adjustment. Conclusion: This study showed that organizational system among job stress was a significant variable in explaining low back symptoms. We suggest the improvement of organizational system category as a preventive strategy for low back pain in CNs working in hospital.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1023-1032
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• 2001

The muscles relating to movement of painful low back was analyzed kinematically, by method of applying elastic tapes and putting non-elastic tapes on muscles involving those movements which cause pain and limitation of range of motion (ROM) in low back and trunk. Taping therapy which is effective for improvement of painful low back and which is supposed to facilitate the total and continual movement based on the postural reflexes will be presented in this paper. Fifty cases who had painful low back were investigated. Patients with painful low back were at first asked pain point and direction of painful movement, and then tested the muscles which are cause of those pain and limited motion. Before attaching tape, all subjects were divided into two groups, flexor pattern and extensor pattern, according to direction of increasing pain. Elastic tapes were applied from origin to insertion of objective muscles and non-elastic tapes were put on effective points of the muscles which were associated with respect to pain and limited ROM. As a result of this study, all subjects with low back pain significantly improved in pain and ROM at the low back. The longest treatment duration group for the low back pain cases was herniated lumbar disc(10.4 days) group. Low back pain have been treated by so many ways. muscles factor should be emphasized to be distinguish1y important to reduce low back pain. The muscles relating to make directly painful motion in low back and trunk should be confirmed by means of taping and painful motion should be analyzed by point of view of postural reflexes.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.100-117
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• 1996

The purpose of the survey was to find out the prevalence rate and related factors for low back pain of nurses and to develop educational program for prevention of the low back pain. The subjects of the survey were 593 nurses of general hospitals in Tae-gu City. The survey was conducted from June 10, 1994 to October 3, 1994. The questionnaire included 34 question items concerning general characteristics, factors related to low back pain, physical nursing activities, and characteristics of low back pain. The results were as follows : 1. Among 593 of subjects, the prevalence rate of low back pain showed 62.1%. 2. In relation of health related life activities and low back pain prevalence, self-reported health state was highly significant(P=.000). 3. In relation of work environmental factors and low back pain prevalence, job satisfaction (P=.026), job stress(P=.020), and workload(P=.002) were significant. 4. In relation of physical nursing activities and low back pain prevalence, bending (P=.000), trunk twisting(P=.003), stretching(P=.006), and pulling and pushing(P=.046) were significant. 5. Physical nursing activities inducing back stress was varicant according to wards. The results of this study pointed out that the subjects' low back pain prevalence was related to the work-related physiologic and psychologic factors. Therefore, for the effective prevention of low back pain, both practicing the body mechanics and raising the morale of the nurses are needed in educational program.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-339
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• 2022

Objective: This study was to perform to identify the distribution characteristics and related factors of work-related low back pain among manufacturing workers in Korea. Methods: We analyzed the third(2011) through sixth(2020) Korean Working Conditions Survey. This study examined changes in the prevalence of work-related low back pain among manufacturing workers and related factors, including demographic characteristics and working conditions. Results: The prevalence of work-related low back pain showed a general tendency to increase during the study periods except for the 5th wave. The prevalence of work-related low back pain was higher in women than in men. The prevalence increased with increasing age and decreased with higher educational attainment. This trend was observed in all survey waves. The prevalence ratios for work-related low back pain according to working conditions varied over the survey period. In general, workers with manual jobs, long working hours, and exposure to tired or painful postures showed relatively higher prevalence ratios than did their counterparts. Providing Information on health and safety, perception that work affects health, and experience of presenteeism were identified as influencing factors for work-related low back pain. Although the working environment is improving, work-related back pain is on the rise. A multifaceted study on risk factors for work-related low back pain is needed. Conclusion: Work-related low back pain is a significant factor affecting the working population's quality of life. The prevalence of work-related low back pain showed a tendency to increase during the study periods. A multifaceted study on risk factors for work-related low back pain is needed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2000

A study was conducted in order to determine back pain experience status of elementary. junior and senior high school teachers and the factors affecting their knowledge of back pain and physical therapy from April 2 through June 30, 1999 in major big cities and small and medium towns. Questionnaires were sent to 924 teachers and the collected daa were analyzed. The results summarized are as follows ; 1. $46.3\%$ of the respondents had experienced back pain, and $47.0\%$ of females, $62.0\%$ of the people over 50years old, $57.4\%$ of junior high school teachers, $47.5%$ of teachers of art and physical education, $46.9\%$ of married persons, $47.8\%$ of the people living in medium or small towns, and $58.6\%$ of the persons whose economic status was low han experienced back pains, $58.9\%$ of respondents who were not healthy, and $49.3\%$ of those who did not drink alcohol, $47.9\%$ of nonsmokers, and $49.1\%$ of those who slept on ondol had experienced back pains. $76.7\%$ of the respondents got health information on back pains from health professionals. 2. An average level of the respondents en physical therapy was $14.95\pm8.32$ points out of 44 and it was 34 points when converted to 100. The knowledge levels of males,. elementary teachers, married persons, those teaching students far more than 20 hours a week, smokers, those who did not drink, those who exercised regularly, and those who had experienced back pains were higher than those in other groups. The knowledge level of those who had experienced back pain prevention education was $18.88\pm8.88$ points and the difference between those with experience and those without experience was statistically significant. The depression level of those who got 40 pome on back pains, and physical therapy was higher than other group(p<0.001). 3, Depression levels of teachers on back pains and physical therapy related knowledge was higher in those with back pains than those without back pains(p<0.01). 4. The factors affecting experience of back pains were back pain related age, economic status, health status, smoking, style of kitchen, sown of information on back pain, and back pain prevention education. (p<0.001), 5. The factors affecting the knowledge on physical therapy were general knowledge levels on back pains, position when tilling, and moving heavy stuffs, driving position, sources of information on back pain prevention, type of bed, age, and health status, and the explanation power of those factors was $45.2\%$.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify low pain prevalence rate and factors affecting low back pain in emergency medical technicians. Method: A descriptive relationship research design was utilized. The participants were 74 emergency medical technicians who worked at fire stations in W and J city and agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected between April and August 2008 using a questionnaire, which included demographic factors, severity of low back pain using a visual analog scale, factors related to low back pain and health behavior, and BMI. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were performed for data analysis. Results: 85.1% of emergency medical technicians experienced low back pain. The mean score of low back pain was relatively low (M=4.0, SD=2.33). Significant factors affecting low back pain were found to be age, marital status, exercise, hours of standing work, and BMI. These variables explained 35.1% of variance in low back pain (F=8.45, p<.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that further research is needed to develop interventions for prevention and management of low back pain among emergency medical technicians.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

The optimum design of back pressure chamber is one of the most important factors in designing scroll compressors because it has a great influence on the efficiency and other design parameters. The design process can be divided into 2 parts. One is obtaining the optimum pressure of the chamber and keeping it in constant value. The other is finding out the minimum inflow rate of medium with which back pressure chamber is filled. In this study we are focused on the first step. At first we added a simple structure that can change back pressure without reassembling compressor. It makes possible to obtaining optimum back pressure. Then we designed an equipment that the back pressure control valve assembly could be independently tested with. Spring was redesigned to decrease stiffness variation. Also sealing mechanism of back pressure control valve was improved to more effective way. As a result, it was verified that in a real mode test back pressure variation could be retained in 2.3% with discharge pressure and operating frequency varied. In addition the integrated structure of back pressure control valve is expected to contribute to effective manufacturing process.