• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which nurses' death perceptions, death anxiety, and stress associated with terminal care affects their attitudes toward terminal care. Method : A total of 214 nurses were asked questions about characteristics, death perceptions, death anxiety, stress associated with end-of-life care, and terminal care attitudes, using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results : Factors influencing terminal care attitudes in participants were positive meaning associated with death, respect for life, final education, end-of-life nursing education experiences, stress associated with end-of-life care, death anxiety, and position. These factors explained 38.7% of variance in participants' terminal care attitudes (F=20.18, p<.001). Conclusion : In order for nurses to have a positive attitude toward terminal care, it is necessary to raise positive awareness about death and respect for life, and it is necessary to develop various educational programs and strengthen their capacity through continuous education.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.31-82
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was development of a synthetic scale to measure young adults' views of life and death. Participants were 610 university students. The authors developed a View of Life and Death Scale including several subscales of afterlife views(belief in afterlife and retribution, belief in souls' effects and transmigration), meanings of death(liberation, nature, integration, collapse, impact, futility), death anxiety, death concern(death acceptance, death awareness) and life respect will(suicide inhibition, abortion inhibition, organ donation intention). The present study contributed to enhance our understanding of view of life and death in young adulthood. This study, therefore, could work as a stepping stone to investigate the structural relationship among elements included in views of life and death in young adulthood and to explore the consequences and determinants of personal view of life and death.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate nursing students' awareness of biomedical ethics and attitudes toward death of terminal patients. Methods: A structured questionnaire was developed to examine nursing students' biomedical ethics. Their attitudes toward terminal patients' death were measured by using the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale. Surveys were conducted with 660 nursing students enrolled at a three-year college located in Daejeon, Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kruskall Waills test. Results: Students who have experienced biomedical ethics conflicts, agreed to prohibition of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and have no religion exhibited more negative attitudes toward death compared to students without the above characteristics. Of the participants, 81.2% answered that life sustaining treatment for terminal patients should be discontinued and 76.4% replied that CPR on terminal patients should be prohibited. The majority of the correspondents stated that the two measures above are necessary "for patients' peaceful and dignified death". Conclusion: Study results indicate the need to establish a firm biomedical ethics value to help nursing students form a positive attitude toward death. It also seems necessary to offer students related training before going into clinical practice, if possible. The training program should be developed by considering students' religion, school year, experience with biomedical ethics conflicts and opinion about CPR on terminal patients. The program should also include an opportunity for students to experience terminal patient care in advance via simulation practice on standardized patients.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.1221-1244
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• 2009

The death scenes are the culmination of both Doris Lessing's "To Room Nineteen" and Toni Morrison's Sula. Lessing's Susan, an intelligent white English woman, gradually loses the meaning of life as awealthy housewife in the patriarchal society and commits suicide as her solution in Room Nineteen of Fred's Hotel. Morrison's Sula, an African-American woman, grows up without having the normal ego under Eva's matriarchy in a black community named the Bottom. Sula, after Nel's marriage, becomes a symbol of evil to her community and drifts down to death in Eva's bed. Reading these two death stories from the perspective of Jung's archetypal psychology, Susan is not able to continue to live a meaningful life because her life energy is cut off from its source which is in the unconscious. According to Jung, the symbol is the medium of the psychic energy from the unconscious to consciousness. In modern society which is represented by intelligence, the religious and mythical symbols are removed by rationalism, which means disconnection of the flow of life energy from the unconscious. Susan's death can be read as a kind of creating symbol to connect the modern people to the source of life energy. Sula's case is the opposite of Susan's. She remains in the unconscious world without having the proper ego in the absurd reality of racial and sexual problems. Sula finally rises again in Nel's awareness, becoming a symbol of the feminine goddess like goddess Inanna.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.137-147
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• 2018

This study is a descriptive evaluation of the differences in biomedical ethics consciousness, related knowledge, awareness, and attitude of nursing college students according to the completion of biomedical ethics education. The data were collected from 112 nursing students using self-report questionnaires and analyzed by t-test, Chi-Square test, Fisher's exact probability test and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS 21.0. There were significant differences between the two groups in the sub-domains of biomedical ethics consciousness, artificial insemination, euthanasia and organ transplantation. The biomedical ethics consciousness was positively correlated with attitudes toward human tissue donation and transplantation, awareness of death, and awareness of hospice palliative care. The results of this study showed that after participating in the biomedical ethics education, nursing college students had statistically significant differences in the consciousness of artificial insemination, euthanasia, and organ transplantation. Moreover, the consciousness of biomedical ethics was related to attitude toward human tissue donation and transplantation and awareness of hospice palliative care. Based on the results of this study, we would like to suggest the need for development of various curricula related to death, hospice palliative care, human tissue donation and transplantation in the biomedical ethics curriculum. In addition, as the study was conducted in a single college, it is difficult to generalize the results; therefore, additional studies at different facilities are recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.107-120
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care among paramedic students. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 196 paramedic students in D university college in J city from November 2011 to November 2014. The study instruments included death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care. Data were analyzed by t test, ANOVA, post hoc $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS v. 20.0. Results: According to a stepwise regression on the factors influencing attitudes towards end-of-life care, 80.4% of variance (F=161.360, p<.001) was explained by experience of death, hospices knowledge, disappearance of death anxiety, satisfaction with relationships (${\geq}2$) and student attitude toward end-of-life care. In addition, 44.1% of the variance (F=39.434, p<.001) was explained by experience of death, satisfaction with relationship(${\leq}4$), warning of others about death anxiety, and family attitude towards end-of-life care. Conclusion: The attitude towards end-of-life care was influenced by hospices knowledge and death anxiety in paramedic students. It is necessary to provide training in understanding attitudes towards death anxiety and end-of-life care. An effective educational program should be developed and implemented among paramedic students to improve their awareness of death and anxiety hospices knowledge.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was a descriptive research study that investigates nurses' beliefs concerning death anxiety and spirituality. Method: The subjects were 150 nurses working at general hospitals located in Busan city. Data collection was carried out from October 15 to November 30, 2008. The study used a 'Death Anxiety Scale' and a 'Korean Spirituality Scale.' The collected data was analyzed for frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient with the SPSS/WIN 17.0. Result: The level of death anxiety of the subjects averaged 3.25. In each sub-factor, 'awareness of shortness of time' was the highest at 3.57 points. Spirituality level of the subjects averaged 3.51. In each sub-factor, meaning and purpose of life was the highest at 3.70 points. In differences of death anxiety followed by general characteristics, there were significant differences according to age, and educational level. For spirituality, followed by general characteristics, there were significant differences according to age, educational level, religion, working period, and understanding about death and spirituality. There was a weak inverse correlation among fear for accidents involved with death, total spirituality level and meaning, and purpose of life. Conclusion: Future research should examine relations between nurses' death anxiety and spirituality level through random sampling and research to check psychological and social variables that influence death anxiety and spirituality. Development of a program to lessen nurses' death anxiety and to raise their spirituality level would be prudent.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.43-46
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• 2008

The extreme weather events have increased around the world this century. One of the main reasons of frequent occurrence is the change of atmospheric circulation by El nino. also Korea Peninsular is not exception. The 97 % of death toll and 89 % of property loss of total are related with extreme-weather events for the last 10 years. for example the heavy rainfall (1998-4999) and Typhoon Rusa and Mamie. In spite of the percent of death toll by extreme-weather disaster is increasing and the total population is growing. but the number of death toll from natural disasters is decreasing. It shows that the loss of property and life can be minimize by preparing the proper disaster prevention measures. There are several preparations to reduce the damage by extreme-weather events: Public facilities have overall check up, to recognize the weather alert, the awareness of the escape route and the art of measures

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 2022

The purpose is a qualitative study that explores the essential meaning of death for fourth-year students of nursing college who have completed the practical training in the Department of Nursing. The participants of this study were 15 students who were 4th graders at a university in M city, Jeollabuk-do and had a strong awareness of death. As for data collection, students who read a thesis related to death and completed 1004 hours of hospital practice were asked to write a self-report within 72 hours for questions. The collected data were analyzed using Krippendorff's phenomenological method. As a result of analyzing the experience related to death, it was derived into 30 meaningful statements in 3 categories, 9 topics. The three categories were derived from 'the end and together', 'death, fighting alone,' and 'fear and fear'. It is expected that the results of this study will be used as useful basic data for developing a professional understanding of death in nursing students and coping with the stress of death faced by new nurses.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.1215-1223
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to understand elderly women within a community who have used lots of drugs. Method: Data was collected through in-depth interviews with four elderly women from April 2001 to February 2002. Data was analyzed by Giorgi's phenomenological method(2000). Results: The components in common with drug usage of elderly women were as follows: 'Awareness of the limitation of physical strength and uncertainty of life', 'Dread of a crisis situation occurring', 'Attachment and dependency on drugs', 'Expectation of a comfortable life and death', 'Prevention of family burden', and 'Pursuit of psychological comfort'. The general structure of experiences was as follows: causal factors were 'Awareness of uncertainty and limitation', 'dread of a crisis situation occurring' the results factor was 'Attachment and dependency on drugs' and the facilitating factors were 'Expectation of a comfortable life and death', 'Prevention of family burden', and 'Pursuit of psychological comfort'. The causal relation was cyclic. This structure showed a realistic adaptation pattern. Conclusion: This study contributed to provide fundamental data for nursing interventions for health promotion and promoting quality of life in elderly women by increasing understanding of the experiences of drugs use.