• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2001

It is a hot issue to determine the spatial location and shape of tumor boundary in fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT). We could get consecutive transaxial plane images from the phantom (paraffin) and 4 patients with brain tumor using helical computed tomography(HCT). K-means classification algorithm was adjusted to change raw data pixel value in CT images into classified average pixel value. The classified images consists of 5 regions that ate tumor region (TR), normal region (NR), combination region (CR), uncommitted region (UR) and artifact region (AR). The major concern was how to separate the normal region from tumor region in the combination area. Relative average deviation analysis was adjusted to alter average pixel values of 5 regions into 2 regions of normal and tumor region to define maximum point among average deviation pixel values. And then we drawn gross tumor volume (GTV) boundary by connecting maximum points in images using semi-automatic contour method by IDL(Interactive Data Language) program. The error limit of the ROI boundary in homogeneous phantom is estimated within ${\pm}1%$. In case of 4 patients, we could confirm that the tumor lesions described by physician and the lesions described automatically by the K-mean classification algorithm and relative average deviation analyses were similar. These methods can make uncertain boundary between normal and tumor region into clear boundary. Therefore it will be useful in the CT images-based treatment planning especially to use above procedure apply prescribed method when CT images intermittently fail to visualize tumor volume comparing to MRI images.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.626-637
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• 2021

The tomb complex of the royal family from the period of the Ungjin Baekje Kingdom (475 to 538 AD) in Gongju, Korea, contains the tomb of King Muryeong and other royal tombs. After the excavation of the tomb of King Muryeong in 1971, these tombs were opened up to the public, without the establishment of systems for their safety, conservation and management. The tombs have consequently experienced rapid environmental changes and suffered various damages. In this study, specific vulnerable parts inside the tombs were selected for deviation analysis using 3D scanning, and 3D image models were constructed on this basis. Progressive displacement was identified in tomb No. 5, and basic data for future investigations was acquired from tomb No. 6 and the tomb of King Muryeong. In the deviation analysis for the southern plastered wall of tomb No. 5, the damage was not found to exceed the ranges of ±18 mm and ±2 mm. However, the lintel stone was found to be sagging by 0.32 mm on average, and the distance between the walls to have increased by 0.36 mm on average. Direct water seepage occurring in tomb No. 5 is considered to be increasing the damage within the tomb, such as the dropping and sagging of the lintel. The 3D image models constructed in this study will play an important role as baseline data for future research, and can be used to discuss a secure conservation scheme for the tombs through cross-validation with precise measurement monitoring.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2007

Objectives: Pathogenesis treats cause of disease. Pyungweesan is pathogenic prescription of indigestion. This study researched for developing questionnaire of prescribing pyungweesan. Methods: Korean medical doctor classified the patients into two group, pyungweesan symptom group and non pyungweesan symptom group. After that, each group responsed to the questionnaire. We tested for both the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. For validity test, we compared the sum, average and standard deviation of 20 items of pyungweesan symptom group with those of non-pyungweesan symptom group through independent sample t-test, For reliability test, we computerized crohnbach's a value of the items. Results: The developed questionnaire showed remarkable reliability. (Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ =0.854) There were a significant differences on the sum of the 20 items and each 19 item's average and standard deviation, except 1 item; Do you have an irregular discharge from the womb? Conclusions: Based on the results of the above analysis, the korean medical doctor will make an effort to apply the pyungweesan questionnaire clinically. In the future, the additional research is needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2007

Performance indicators haven't been used for the assessment of the wastewater treatment facility or management in Korea yet, therefore they are going to be important parts in wastewater utilities because they are used to understand present situation and to compare one with other wastewater utilities. In this study, we used performance indicators to assess the condition of wastewater utilities and they were divided into four categories (A, B, C, and D). A category represented the condition of the planning & construction and composed of wastewater supply, disaster defence and employees. B category represented maintenance of wastewater utilities and were composed of manhole, sewer, and technical employees. C category showed the operation efficiency of wastewater utilities and D category represented the environmental load. To analyze the situation of wastewater utilities overall, cluster analysis was performed using four categori' es indicators. And CCC (Cubic Clustering Criterion) and R-square were used to decide the proper number of clusters, and wastewater utilities of 48 cities were divided into 5 groups(I, II, III, IV, and V groups). Each cluster was analyzed by average and standard deviation to understand the situation of wastewater utilities. A group analysis showed that IV and V clusters were insufficient, B group showed that I and IV groups were insufficient, C group showed all clusters are above average, and D group was also like C group.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to provide a 360-degree video on intensive care unit admission guidance to family members admitted to the intensive care unit, and then to identify anxiety, safety perception, and satisfaction. This study was a single-group pre-post design, and the data collection period was from October 1, 2020 to August 30, 2021. The subjects of this study were 19 people who applied 360 degree hospitalization guide video. For data analysis, SPSS WIN 24.0 program was used, and real number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, minimum value, maximum value, and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used. The subjects' anxiety before intervention was an average score of 6.21±2.30 and the anxiety after intervention was an average score of 3.95±2.46, which was statistically significant (z=4.13, p<.001). The safety consciousness of the subjects before the intervention was an average of 4.08±0.39 and the safety consciousness after the intervention was an average of 4.54±0.48, which was statistically significant (z=5.00, p=.001). The highest level of satisfaction with the 360-degree hospitalization guidance image of the subjects was 4.58±0.51 and the lowest was 4.16±0.96. In this study, when 360-degree hospitalization guide video was applied, there was a difference in anxiety and safety perception, and satisfaction was high. Based on the research results, various programs for guardian education can be developed and utilized in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.187-196
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• 2013

This study is focused on analyzing the deformation types of seaside armor stones based of field survey in order to establish the cause of abrasion following the deformation of seaside armor stones. 1. The deformation of seaside armor stone in saemangeum sea dike was classified as three different types: floating, deviation, and abrasion. 2. It was discovered that the stones floated to the extent of maximum 50 m, as the result of inspecting floating stones which were situated on different ten places. 3. The average number of deviation in the high ocean wave section was four times more than that in the ordinary ocean wave section, as a result of comparing the deviation number of the ordinary ocean wave section and that of the high ocean wave section for the purpose of inspecting the relation between the deviation of armor stones and the effects of ocean wave. 4. The angular shape of armor stones seen in the initial construction period has been abraded smoothly, as result of comparing of the shape change of armor stones for the purpose of inspecting abrasion state of seaside armor stones. 5. It was discovered that the abrasion of armor stone was severe in the section of many floating stones, as a result of analyzing the levels of abrasion and the cumulative sections of floating stones for the purpose of investigating the cause of abrasion.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 2004

There is a growing concern about the possible increase in inter-annual variation of minimum temperature during the winter season in Korea. This view is strengthened by frequently reported freezing injury to dormant fruit trees, while warmer winters have prevailed recently. The January minimum temperature record at fourteen weather stations was analyzed for 1951-2000. The results showed no evidence of increasing standard deviation at 3 locations between 1951-1980 and 1971-2000, while the remaining 11 stations showed a trend of decreasing standard deviation for the two periods. An empirical model explaining the spatial variation of the standard deviation was derived by regression analysis of 56 stations' data for 1971-2000. Daily minimum temperature and the site elevation may account for 68% of the observed variations. We applied this model to restore the average standard deviation of the January minimum temperature for 1971-2000, and the result was used to produce gridded minimum temperature data for the recurrence interval of 10 and 30 years at 250m resolution. A digital form of the plant hardiness zone map may be developed from this product for site-specific selection of adapted plant species.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 1968

The relation of air temperature between early summer and early autumn from 1916 to 1966 was investigated. The data are brought by the statistical analysis for the purpose of the long range weather forecast. he results are summarized as follows : 1. The air temperature in early autumn at Mokpo is largely influenced by that of early summer. That is, when the air temperature in early summer is higher than the average, the temperature in early autumn has the possibility of being higher temperature in early autumn than average, the possibility being as much as $60\%$. On the contrary, when the former is lower, the latter has a possibility of becoming $74\%$ below the normal year. 2. The monthly ranges of forcastable mean air temperature in early autumn will be computed by the types of total variation in early summer and the standard deviation in early autumn.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.334-339
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• 2004

In this study, a new UC (Unit Commitment) algorithm is proposed to consider the uncertainty of a daily load profile. The proposed algorithm calculates the UC results with the lower load level than the one generated by the conventional load forecast and the more hourly reserve allocation. In case of the worse load forecast, the deviation of the conventional UC solution can be overcome with the proposed method. The proposed method is tested with sample systems, which shows that the new UC algorithm yields completely feasible solution even though the worse load forecast is applied. Also, the effects of the uncertain hourly load demand are statistically analyzed especially by the consideration of the average over generation and the average under generation. Finally, it is shown that independent power producers participating in electricity spot-markets can establish bidding strategies by means of the statistical analysis. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed method can be used as the basic guideline for establishing bidding strategies under the deregulation power pool.

• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• v.5A no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2005

In this study, a new Unit Commitment (UC) algorithm is proposed to consider the uncertainty of a daily load profile. The proposed algorithm calculates the UC results with a lower load level than that generated by the conventional load forecast method and the greater hourly reserve allocation. In case of the worst load forecast, the deviation of the conventional UC solution can be overcome with the proposed method. The proposed method is tested with sample systems, which indicates that the new UC algorithm yields a completely feasible solution even when the worst load forecast is applied. Also, the effects of the uncertain hourly load demand are statistically analyzed, particularly by the consideration of the average over generation and the average under generation. Finally, it is shown that independent power producers participating in electricity spot-markets can establish bidding strategies by means of the statistical analysis. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed method can be used as the basic guideline for establishing bidding strategies under the deregulation power pool.