• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.789-797
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to establish the refined model for prediction of flocculation/sedimentation efficiency in factual drinking water treatment plants using model tree technique. In order to carry out machine leaning for determining each linear model, five parameters; time, coagulant dose, raw water turbidity, SCD and conductivity, which were measured and collected from the field (K_DWTP), were selected and used. The existing analytical models developed by previous researchers were used only to examine closely the mechanism of flocculation rather than to apply it for practical purpose. The refined model established using model tree technique in this study could predict the factual sedimentation efficiency accurately (below 9% of average absolute error). Also, in aspect of engineering convenience, without any additional manipulation of parameters, it can be applied to practical works.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2016.05a
• /
• pp.228-228
• /
• 2016

증발산량은 수자원 부존량 평가, 물수지 분석, 지구의 물순환 및 에너지 순환을 이해하기 위해서 알아야할 수문량이나, 이를 산정하기 위하여 단순한 가정을 하거나 경험식을 사용하는 접근에는 신뢰성에 문제가 생긴다. 본 연구에서는 아시아 지역내의 여러 지점에서 에디공분산 시스템을 활용해 플럭스 자료를 구축해놓은 Asia Fluxnet의 자료를 활용해 보완관계법(Complimentary relationship) 기반으로 제한된 기상자료를 이용해 구한 증발산량을 산정하는 방법론들을 평가하였다. Granger and Gary(GG)는 실제 증발산량은 습윤조건의 증발산량의 2배에 잠재 증발산량간의 차와 같다는 보완관계를 수정하여 일반화하고, 잠재 증발산량을 산정하는 경험식을 제시하였다. 이러한 수정된 보완관계식을 활용한 GG 방법론을 활용하여 산정한 증발산량을 측정된 증발산량과 비교한 정확성을 정량화 하기 위해 Average root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute bias (BIAS), coefficient of determination ($R^2$)과 같은 통계값을 이용하였다. 최종적으로 각 사이트의 기후를 Aridity Index (AI)를 이용하여 분류하였으며 분류된 기후별로 GG 방법론의 적용성을 검토하였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2021

The rejection of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) single salt solutions were carried out for commercial nanofiltration NFDK membrane. Results showed that the NFDK membrane had a negative surface charge and had a higher observed rejection of 93.65% for calcium (Ca2+) ion and 78.27% for sodium (Na+) ions. Prediction of rejection for aqueous solutions of both salts was made using Donnan Steric Pore Model based on Extended Nernst-Planck Equation in addition to concentration polarization film theory. A MATLAB program was developed to execute the model calculations. Absolute Average Relative Error (% AARE) was found below 5% for real rejection of the NFDK membrane. This research could be used successfully to assess the membrane characterization parameter using a proposed procedure which can reduce the number of experiments.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.43.3-43.3
• /
• 2019

A coronal mass ejection (CME) mass is generally estimated by the total brightness measured from white-light coronagraph observations. The total brightness are determined from the integration of the Thomson scattering by free electrons of solar corona along the line of sight. It is difficult to estimate the masses of halo CMEs due to the projection effect. To solve this issue, we construct a synthetic halo CME with a power-law density distribution (ρ = ρ₀r^-3) based on a full ice-cream cone model using SOHO/LASCO C3 observations. Then we compute a conversion factor from observed CME mass to CME mass for each CME. The final CME mass is determined as their average value of several CME masses above 10 solar radii. Our preliminary analysis for six CMEs show that their CME mass are well determined within the mean absolute relative error in the range of 4 to 15 %.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.82-91
• /
• 2022

In this paper, time series prediction method of photovoltaic power is introduced using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA). In order to obtain the best fitting model by a time series method in the absence of an environmental sensor, this research was used data below 50% of cloud cover. Three samples were extracted by time intervals from the raw data. After that, the best fitting models were derived from mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) with the minimum akaike information criterion (AIC) or beysian information criterion (BIC). They are SARIMA (1,0,0)(0,2,2)14, SARIMA (1,0,0)(0,2,2)28, SARIMA (2,0,3)(1,2,2)55. Generally parameter of model derived from BIC was lower than AIC. SARIMA (2,0,3)(1,2,2)55, unlike other models, was drawn by AIC. And the performance of models obtained by SARIMA was compared. MAPE value was affected by the seasonal period of the sample. It is estimated that long seasonal period samples include atmosphere irregularity. Consequently using 1 hour or 30 minutes interval sample is able to be helpful for prediction accuracy improvement.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.37 no.7
• /
• pp.581-587
• /
• 2004

An experimental watershed was selected and sustainable yield was evaluated. The study area(3.89$\textrm{km}^2$) was located in Kyungpook Sangju Yangchon-dong. The visual MODFLOW was verified by comparing the observed and estimated groundwater table. The analysis of the observed and estimated groundwater table from 19 March 2003 to 18 March 2004 showed that the average error was 0.0009m, the error sum of squares 7.245$m^2$, absolute mean error 0.094 m, root mean square error 0.141m, and the model efficiency was 92%. The normal, 10- and 30- year drought frequency years were selected and sustainable yield was evaluated in these periods. Ratios of sustainable yield to the annual infiltration were 14.5% for the normal year(1992), 15.1% for the 10-year(1994), and 15.2% for the 30-year drought frequency year(1982). The results of this study can be used as a basic information for groundwater development and management planning considering regional characteristics.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.8B no.5
• /
• pp.557-564
• /
• 2001

In general, several moving regions with different motions coexist in a block located on motion boundaries in the block-based motion estimation. In this case the motion compensation error(MCEs) are different with the moving regions. This is inclined to deteriorate the quality of motion compensated images because of the inaccurate motions estimated from the conventional mean absolute error(MAE) based matching function in which the matching error per pixel is accumulate throughout the block. In this paper, we divided a block into the regions according to their motions using the motion information of the spatio-temporally neighboring blocks and calculate the average MCF for each moving mentioned. From the simulation results, we showed the improved performance of the proposed method by comparing the results from other methods such as the full search method and the edge oriented block matching algorithm. Especially, we improved the quality of the motion compensated images of blocks on motion boundaries.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.146-151
• /
• 2014

This paper analyzes the previous Anjok model of the Gayageum and describes a method to improve the frequency modeling based on previous model. In the previous work, relation between the fundamental frequency and Anjok's location on the body is assumed as an exponential function and these frequencies are integrated by a first-order leaky integrator. Finally, a parameter of the formula to calculate the fundamental frequency is obtained by applying integrated frequencies to the linear regression. This model shows 2.5 Hz absolute deviation on average and has maximum error 7.75 Hz for the low fundamental frequencies. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes that the Anjok's locations are grouped according to the rate of error increase and linear regression is applied to each group. To find the optimal parameter, the RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) between measured and calculated fundamental frequencies is used. The proposed model shows substantial reduction in errors, especially maximum three times.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.66-72
• /
• 2018

The proper position of a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) is essential for the quality of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) dose delivery. Task Group (TG) 142 provides a quality assurance (QA) procedure for MLC position. Our study investigated the QA validation of the mechanical leaf gap measurement and the maintenance procedure. Two $VitalBeam^{TM}$ systems were evaluated to validate the acceptance of an MLC position. The dosimetric leaf gaps (DLGs) were measured for 6 MV, 6 MVFFF, 10 MV, and 15 MV photon beams. A solid water phantom was irradiated using $10{\times}10cm^2$ field size at source-to-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm and depth of 10 cm. The portal dose image prediction (PDIP) calculation was implemented on a treatment planning system (TPS) called $Eclipse^{TM}$. A total of 20 VMAT plans were used to confirm the accuracy of dose distribution measured by an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and those predicted by VMAT plans. The measured leaf gaps were 0.30 mm and 0.35 mm for VitalBeam 1 and 2, respectively. The DLG values decreased by an average of 6.9% and 5.9% after mechanical MLC adjustment. Although the passing rates increased slightly, by 1.5% (relative) and 1.2% (absolute) in arc 1, the average passing rates were still within the good dose delivery level (>95%). Our study shows the existence of a mechanical leaf gap error caused by a degenerated MLC motor. This can be recovered by reinitialization of MLC position on the machine control panel. Consequently, the QA procedure should be performed regularly to protect the MLC system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.60 no.5
• /
• pp.55-67
• /
• 2018

The objectives of this study were to monitor organic farming upland compared with conventional upland field and to evaluate nutrient loads reduction of surface cover effect with long-term historical climate data. APEX(Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender) model was validated with experimental data and used for assessing surface cover scenarios for 30-year simulation periods. The validated values of RMSE(Root Mean Square Error), RMAE(Root Mean Absolute Error), $R^2$ and E(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency) for runoff were 1.17-1.37 mm/day, 0.28-0.45 mm/day, 0.88-0.90 and 0.82-0.94 in two treatments, respectively. Those for water quality (nitrogen) were 0.05-0.16 kg/ha, 0.52-0.75 kg/ha, 0.67-0.72 and 0.32-0.70 in two treatments, respectively, and therefore the validated model showed good agreement with the observed runoff and nitrogen load for the study period. When decreasing the surface cover rate of organic farming field to 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% (conventional field), average annual runoff increased by 7%, 15%, 23% and 31%, respectively. Under same condition of decreasing the surface cover rate, average annual nitrogen loads increased by 1.4 times, 1.7 times, 2.0 times, and 2.3 times compared with organic farming field, respectively. This study showed that it is possible to present an appropriate surface cover ratio to maintain conventional production and minimize nonpoint sources pollution for organic farming system, although long-term monitoring is needed to determine its effects on environmental concerns, crop competition, and other uncertainty.