• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국음향학회 1992년도 학술논문발표회 논문집 제11권 1호
• /
• pp.3-8
• /
• 1992

The theory of subjective preference with temporal and spatial factors which include sound signals arriving at both ears is described. Then, auditory evoked potentials which may relate to a primitive subjective response namely subjective preference are discussed. According to such fundamental phenomena, a workable model of human auditory-brain system is proposed. For eample, important subjective attributes, such as loudness, coloration, threshold of preception of a reflection and echo distrubance as well as subjective preference in relation to the initial time delay gap between the direct sound and the first reflection, and the subsequent reverberation time are well described by the autocorrelation function of source signals. Speech clarity, subjective diffuseness as well as subjective preference are related to the magnitude of inter-aural crosscorrelation function (IACC). Even the caktail party effects may be eplained by spatialization of human brain, i.e., independence of temporal and spatial factors.

• 감성과학
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.307-320
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 가전제품의 제품군과 그 기능들에 따라 차별화 가능한 인지적, 감성적 '청각 사용자 인터페이스 디자인 가이드라인(Auditory User Interface Design Guideline)'을 마련하고, 가전제품의 작동기능 정보와 직관적으로 연합 가능한 청각신호(auditory signal)를 제작할 수 있는 지침을 제시하여 GUI 중심의 제품 설계에서 한차원 확장되고 사용자의 다중감각적 특성이 적용된 디자인 방법을 실무에 적용하고자 하였다. 특히 AUI에 대한 체계를 확립함으로써 브랜드 정체성(Brand Identity) 및 기업 이미지를 제고할 수 있다는 목적을 함께 고려하였다. 이러한 연구가 필요했던 이유는 가전제품에 대한 소비자의 심적 모형(mental model)과 감성 측면에서의 접근에 대한 요구 때문인데, 이는 AUI의 체계적 적용이 아닌 임의적 연결(mapping)으로 인한 버저(buzzer) 청각신호의 짜증(annoying) 발생이 빈번한 사례들에서 출발한다. 또한 GUI의 변화와 수준에 미치지 못하는 AUI의 업그레이드 필요성과 가전제품에서의 감성 마케팅 경향을 반영하는 의미론 지니고 있다. 이와 함께 멀티미디어 환경의 급속한 확산으로 다중감각적 정보제시(multimodal display)가 요구되는 상황에 걸맞은 시도이다. 본 연구는 특정 가전제품이나 특정 기능이 지니고 있는 인지적, 감성적 차원의 속성을 청각신호(auditory signal)의 다양한 속성들로 유발하는 관계를 추출하고, 이를 형성하는 기본 메커니즘에 대한 경험적 자료를 제시하여, 가전제품의 AUI 디자인에 유용한 가이드라인을 제공하고자 하였다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 연구의 구체적이고 세부적인 결과보다는 전체적인 계획과 진행과정의 절차를 소개하여 관련분야 연구 진행의 참조적 틀을 마련하고자 한다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.23-36
• /
• 2016

Objectives: This study aims to define the relationships between the sensory, cognitive and physical functions of young-old and old-old individuals. Methods: Participants were 10,451 elderly individuals aged 65 and above, raw data of a 2014 National Survey on Korean Older Persons was used. To investigate the relationships among the sensory, cognitive, and physical functions, a structural equation model was used. Results: The key analysis results are summarized as follows; 5% had poor vision function(young-old 3.5%, old-old 7.1%), 3.8% had poor auditory function(young-old 1.7%, old-old 6.7%), 33.0% had decline in cognitive function(young-old 30.9%, old-old 35.7%), 3.6% were disabled(young-old 1.6%, old-old 6.3%) and cognitive function influences physical function more greatly than does sensory function. Additionally, in the young-old groups, vision among sensory functions, attention among cognitive functions, and IADL among physical functions, turned out to be the most influential. However, in the old-old groups, auditory function among sensory functions, orientation among cognitive functions, and IADL among physical functions, turned out to be the most influential. Conclusions: This study implies that functions in the young-old and old-old individuals must be considered with all three functions-sensory, cognitive, and physical-together at the same time and that this comprehensive approach is necessary in national policy making.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 2006

This paper deals with human spatial cognition using visual and auditory stimulation. More specially, this investigation is to observe the relationship between the head and the eye motor system for the localization of visual target direction in space and to try to describe what is the role of right-side versus left-side pinna. In the experiment of visual stimulation, nineteen red LEDs (Luminescent Diodes, Brightness: $210\;cd/^2$) arrayed in the horizontal plane of the surrounding panel are used. Here the LEDs are located 10 degrees apart from each other. Physiological parameters such as EOG (Electro-Oculography), head movement, and their synergic control are measured by BIOPAC system and 3SPACE FASTRAK. In the experiment of auditory stimulation, one side of the pinna function was distorted intentionally by inserting a short tube in the ear canal. The localization error caused by right and left side pinna distortion was investigated as well. Since a laser pointer showed much less error (0.5%) in localizing target position than FASTRAK (30%) that has been generally used, a laser pointer was used for the pointing task. It was found that harmonic components were not essential for auditory target localization. However, non-harmonic nearby frequency components was found to be more important in localizing the target direction of sound. We have found that the right pinna carries out one of the most important functions in localizing target direction and pure tone with only one frequency component is confusing to be localized. It was also found that the latency time is shorter in self moved tracking (SMT) than eye alone tracking (EAT) and eye hand tracking (EHT). These results can be used in further study on the characterization of human spatial cognition.

• 대한물리의학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of visual and auditory biofeedback during sit-to-stand training in patients with stroke. METHODS: Thirty-five subjects with chronic stroke were divided into three groups: a visual feedback group (12 subjects), an auditory feedback group (12 subjects) and a control group (11 subjects). All Groups received neurodevelopmental treatment, and sit-to-stand training for 30minutes three times a week for four weeks. During the sit to stand training, the experimental groups received visual feedback and auditory feedback, whereas the control group performed sit-to-stand training without feedback. Five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), motion analysis and postural sway during sit-to-stand were used to evaluate sit to stand performance ability. In addition, Berg balance scale (BBS) was performed for evaluation of balance function in participants. RESULTS: All groups showed significant increase on FTSST and BBS between pre- and post-intervention. The BBS scores in visual feedback group was significant increase than control group. The motion analysis and postural sway, more improvement was observed in the visual and auditory feedback groups compared with the control group. The only visual feedback group was a better performance of midline excursion during sit-to-stand than control group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that sit-to-stand training using a biofeedback may help to improve sit to stand performance and balance ability of stroke patients.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2020

Background and Objectives: The Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) test is a clinically effective measure of the integrity of the central auditory nervous system. The GIN procedure can be applied to a pediatric population above 7 years of age. The present study conducted the GIN test to compare the abilities of auditory temporal resolution among typically developing children, children with speech sound disorder (SSD), and children with cognitive difficulty (CD). Subjects and Methods: Children aged 8 to 11 years-(total n=30) participated in this study. There were 10 children in each of the following three groups: typically developing children, children with SSD, and children with CD. The Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology was conducted as a clinical assessment of the children's articulation and phonology. The Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) was administered as a screening test for general cognitive function. According to the procedure of Musiek, the pre-recorded stimuli of the GIN test were presented at 50 dB SL. The results were scored by the approximated threshold and the overall percent correct score (%). Results: All the typically developing children had normal auditory temporal resolution based on the clinical cutoff criteria of the GIN test. The children with SSD or CD had significantly reduced gap detection performance compared to age-matched typically developing children. The children's intelligence score measured by the K-WISC-III test explained 37% of the variance in the percent-correct score. Conclusions: Children with SSD or CD exhibited poorer ability to resolve rapid temporal acoustic cues over time compared to the age-matched typically developing children. The ability to detect a brief temporal gap embedded in a stimulus may be related to the general cognitive ability or phonological processing.

• 대한청각학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2020

Background and Objectives: The Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) test is a clinically effective measure of the integrity of the central auditory nervous system. The GIN procedure can be applied to a pediatric population above 7 years of age. The present study conducted the GIN test to compare the abilities of auditory temporal resolution among typically developing children, children with speech sound disorder (SSD), and children with cognitive difficulty (CD). Subjects and Methods: Children aged 8 to 11 years-(total n=30) participated in this study. There were 10 children in each of the following three groups: typically developing children, children with SSD, and children with CD. The Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology was conducted as a clinical assessment of the children's articulation and phonology. The Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) was administered as a screening test for general cognitive function. According to the procedure of Musiek, the pre-recorded stimuli of the GIN test were presented at 50 dB SL. The results were scored by the approximated threshold and the overall percent correct score (%). Results: All the typically developing children had normal auditory temporal resolution based on the clinical cutoff criteria of the GIN test. The children with SSD or CD had significantly reduced gap detection performance compared to age-matched typically developing children. The children's intelligence score measured by the K-WISC-III test explained 37% of the variance in the percent-correct score. Conclusions: Children with SSD or CD exhibited poorer ability to resolve rapid temporal acoustic cues over time compared to the age-matched typically developing children. The ability to detect a brief temporal gap embedded in a stimulus may be related to the general cognitive ability or phonological processing.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.134-139
• /
• 2005

목적 : 청각의 뇌기능 영상 검사 시 소음 감쇠기의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 소음 감쇠기는 실리콘 이어폰, 귀마개 그리고 마스크로 구성하였다. 마스크와 귀마개는 방음효과가 크다고 알려져 있는 부드러운 재질의 폴리우레탄 시트와 폴리우레탄 폼을 사용하여 제작하였다. 500 Hz의 순음 자극에 대한 청각의 뇌기능 자기공명영상 실험은 4명의 지원자를 대상으로 다음의 세가지 경우로 구별하여 시행하였다: 첫째, 마스크와 귀마개, 이어폰을 모두 착용한 경우, 둘째, 귀마개와 이어폰만을 착용한 경우 그리고 마지막으로 소음 감쇠기를 착용하지 않은 경우 이다. 데이터 획득을 위하여 고성능 경사자계 시스템이 갖추어진 1.5 T 자기공명영상장치에서 BOLD 자기공명 영상기법을 사용하였다. 영상 데이터는 SPM 99 분석프로그램을 이용하여 분석하여 활성화 지도를 획득하였다. 결과 : 소음감쇠기의 모든 구성요소를 사용한 경우 활성화는 주로 일차 청각중추에서만 집중되어 나타나는 결과를 얻었다. 귀마개와 이어폰만을 착용했을 때는 청각의 뇌 활성화 영역이 일차 청각중추와 이차 청각 영역에 분산되어 나타는 결과를 얻었으며 마지막으로 소음감쇠기를 사용하지 않은 경우 청각영역이 오른쪽의 일부만이 활성화 되었다. 결론 : 마스크, 귀마개, 이어폰으로 구성된 소음 감쇠기는 청각의 뇌기능 영상 검사 시 매우 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.63-73
• /
• 2016

청각기관의 음조체계로 인해 사람들은 일반적으로 주파수 분포에 따라 소리를 듣는다. 그러나 어음인지 측면에서 어음의 음향적 특성이 사람의 뇌에서 어떻게 인식되는지는 여전히 명확하지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유사한 고주파수 음향적 특성을 갖는 두 개의 어음이 청각 뇌간에서 전기생리학적으로 어떻게 발현되는 지 확인하고자 하였다. 정상 청력을 지닌 20대 성인 33명이 실험에 참여하였다. 자극음으로 두 개의 한국어 단음절 /자/와 /차/, 4개의 주파수로 구성된 톤버스트음(500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz)을 사용하여 청성뇌간반응을 얻었다. 연구 결과, 단음절과 톤버스트음 모두 높은 재현성을 보였고, 파형 V는 모든 피검자에게서 잘 발현되었다. 피어슨 상관관계 분석 결과, 3671 ~ 5384 Hz 대역에서 에너지 분포를 갖는 /자/ 음절은 4000 Hz의 톤버스트음과 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 그러나 /차/ 음절은 1000 Hz와 2000 Hz의 톤버스트음과 높은 상관성을 보여, 3362~5412 Hz의 음향적 특성과 청각 뇌간에서 생리학적 반응은 일치하지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 사람의 어음인지과정을 면밀히 조사하기 위해 음향-청지각적 매핑후속 연구가 필요하겠다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
• /
• pp.202-205
• /
• 2004

This paper represents the role of pinna in localizing target direction. Specially, this paper described what is the role of right-side pinna versus left-side pinna. In this experiment, one side of the pinna function was distorted intentionally by inserting a short tube on the ear canal. The localization error caused by right and left side pinna distortion was investigated. Since a laser pointer showed much less error (0.5%) in localizing target position than FASTRAK (30%) that has been generally used, it was used for the pointing task. It was found that harmonic components were not essential for the auditory target localization, however, non-harmonic nearby frequency components were more important to localize target direction of sound. We have found that the right pinna is one of the most important functions in localizing target direction and pure tone with only one frequency component is confusing for localization.