• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.99-107
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• 2019

Objective : The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Chaenomelis Fructus (CF) on the regulation of biogenesis in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Methods : C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes in 2% horse serum-containing medium for 5 days, and then treated with CF extract at different concentrations for 48 hr. The expression of muscle differentiation markers, myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) and mitochondrial biogenesis-regulating factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC1α), sirtuin1 (Sirt1), nuclear respiratory factor1 (NRF1) and transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were determined in C2C12 myotubes by reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. The cellular glucose levels and total ATP contents were measured by cellular glucose uptake and ATP assays, respectively. Results : Treatment with CF extract (0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 mg/㎖) significantly increased the expression of MHC protein in C2C12 myotubes compared with non-treated cells. CF extract significantly increased the expression of PGC1α and TFAM in the myotubes. Also, CF extract significantly increased glucose uptake levels and ATP contents in the myotubes. Conclusion : CF extract can stimulate C2C12 myoblasts differentiation into myotubes and increase energy production through upregulation of the expression of mitochondrial biogenetic factors in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cell. This suggests that CF can help to improve skeletal muscle function with stimulation of the energy metabolism.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

As we can see from the recent cyber attack, APT(Advanced Persistent Threat) is trend of hacking attack in the World. Thus, HTTP Get Flooding attack is considered to be one of the most successful attacks in cyber attack method. In this paper, designs and implements new technique for the cyber attack using HTTP get flooding technology. also, I need a defence about DDoS attack through APT Tools.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.552-555
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• 1995

Treatment of microsomal vesicles isolated from etiolated Pisum sativum L cv. Alaska epicotyl tissue with agents inhibiting protein dephosphorylation, namely NaF and/or ATP, resulted in increased binding of the phytotropin NPA to the putative auxin efflux carriers localized on the plasma membrane. The phytotropin effect was especially conspicuous if the vesicles were simultaneously treated with Triton X-100. Kinetic analysis of the binding indicated the existance of two distinct sites for NPA, each having different affinities. Increased binding of the phytotropin to the membrane where protein dephosphorylation was inhibited was attributable to the increased ligand affinity of both sites. Treatment of tissue segments with flubride was found to enhance in vivo auxin transport. Implications of covalent modification of the auxin efflux carrier complex for the regulation of membrane transport of auxin molecules are discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.885-888
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• 2008

In this work, we demonstrate that glycolytic intermediates can serve as efficient energy sources to regenerate ATP during continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) protein synthesis reactions. Through the use of an optimal energy source, approximately 10 mg/ml of protein was generated from a CECF protein synthesis reaction at greatly reduced reagent costs. Compared with the conventional reactions utilizing phosphoenol pyruvate as an energy source, the described method yields 10-fold higher productivity per unit reagent cost, making the techniques of CECF protein synthesis a more realistic alternative for rapid protein production.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.520-524
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• 1995

ATP related compounds, ammonia, VBN, pH and sensory quality of shrimps were determined to evaluate quality changes during iced and frozen storage. ATP related compounds were determined by HPLC, ammonia by ammonia ion specific electrode, VBN by micro-diffusion method, pH by pH meter, sensory quality by multiple comparison test with 30 panelists. K value of ice stored shrimps gradually increased to 20% for 8 days, and then increased more rapidly, whereas that of frozen stored shrimps increased slowly for 7 months. Ammonia contents in ice stored shrimps increased slowly for 6 days and then rapidly after 8 days storage, whereas that in frozen stored shrimps increased slowly for 8 months. VBN contents in ice stored shrimps increased slowly for 10 days and then rapidly after 12 days. VBN contents in frozen stored shrimps slightly increased for 6 months. Sensory scores of taste and color of shrimps marked lowered values after 6 days storage in ice, and after 6 and 7 months frozen storage, respectively. Sensory flavor scores of stored shrimps had significant correlations with K value, ammonia, pH and VBN. These results indicated that ammonia contents in stored shrimps, rapidly determined by an ammonia electrode, could be used as a quality index of shrimps.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.713-718
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• 1998

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.66.1-66
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1999.10b
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• pp.188.1-188
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.449-456
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• 1992

Expermient were conducted to determine the effect of phosphorus stress on bacteroid content and energy status of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodules. Plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum MN 110 were grown with P-stressed (0.05 mM-P) and control (1 mM-P) treatment in the greenhouse. Phosphorus stress decreased nodule mass per plant and nodule mass to whole plant mass ratio. Phosphorus concentration in leaf, stem and root tissues were reduced by 75% but in nodule tissue was reduced only by 40% under phosphorus stress during 3 week experimental period. The bacteroid content per unit nodule mass and the distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphorus among the bacteroid and plant cell fractions of nodule were not affected significantly by phosphorus stress. Regardless of phosphorus treatment, 22% of the nitrogen and 27% of the phosphorus in whole nodules were associated with the bacteroid fraction. The ATP and total adenylate concentrations in and energy charge of whole nodule were decreased 77%, 46% and 37%, respectively, by phosphorus stress. The ATP concentration in and energy charge of the host plant cell fraction of nodules were decreased 86% and 59%, respectively, but these parametres in bacteroid in nodules were not affected by phosphorus stress. These results indicated that nodule is a strong phosphorus sink and that nodule growth and development are regulated to maintain a high phosphorus and energy content in bacteroid even when the host plant is subjected to phosphorus deficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.445-453
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• 2000

The present investigation tested the hypothesis that the activation of protein kinase G (PKG) leads to a phosphorylation of $Ca^{2+}-activated$ potassium channel $(K_{Ca}\;channel)$ and is involved in the activation of $K_{Ca}$ channel activity in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells of the rabbit. Single-channel currents were recorded in cell-attached and inside-out patch configurations of patch-clamp techniques. Both molsidomine derivative 3-morpholinosydnonimine-N-ethylcarbamide $(SIN-1,\;50\;{\mu}M)$ and 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate $(8-pCPT-cGMP,\;100\;{\mu}M),$ a membrane-permeable analogue of cGMP, increased the $K_{Ca}$ channel activity in the cell-attached patch configuration, and the effect was removed upon washout of the drugs. In inside-out patches, single-channel current amplitude was not changed by SIN-1 and 8-pCPT-cGMP. Application of ATP $(100\;{\mu}M),$ cGMP $(100\;{\mu}M),$ ATP+cGMP $(100\;{\mu}M\;each),$ PKG $(5\;U/{\mu}l),$ ATP $(100\;{\mu}M)+PKG\;(5\;U/{\mu}l),$ or cGMP $(100\;{\mu}M)+PKG\;(5\;U/{\mu}l)$ did not increase the channel activity. ATP $(100\;{\mu}M)+cGMP\;(100\;{\mu}M)+PKG\;(5\;U/{\mu}l)$ added directly to the intracellular phase of inside-out patches increased the channel activity with no changes in the conductance. The heat-inactivated PKG had no effect on the channel activity, and the effect of PKG was inhibited by 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, Rp-isomer $(Rp-pCPT-cGMP,\;100\;{\mu}M),$ a potent inhibitor of PKG or protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A, 1 U/ml). In the presence of okadaic acid (OA, 5 nM), PP2A had no effect on the channel activity. The $K_{Ca}$ channel activity spontaneously decayed to the control level upon washout of ATP, cGMP and PKG, and this was prevented by OA (5 nM) in the medium. These results suggest that the PKG-mediated phosphorylations of $K_{Ca}$ channels, or some associated proteins in the membrane patch increase the activity of the $K_{Ca}$ channel, and the activation may be associated with the vasodilating action.