• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.57-81
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• 1997

Numerical prediction of nocturnal thermal high in summer of the 1995 near Taegu city located in a basin has been carried out by a non-hydrostatic numerical model over complex terrain through one-way double nesting technique in the Z following coordinate system. Under the prevailing westerly winds, vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat over mountains for daytime hours are quite strong with a large magnitude of more than $120W/\textrm{m}^2$, but a small one of $5W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin. Convective boundary layer (CBL) is developed with a thickness of about 600m over the ground in the lee side of Mt. Hyungje, and extends to the edge of inland at the interface of land sea in the east. Sensible heat flux near the surface of the top of the mountain is $50W/\textrm{m}^2$, but its flux in the basin is almost zero. Convergence of sensible heat flux occurs from the ground surface toward the atmosphere in the lower layer, causing the layer over the mountain to be warmed up, but no convergance of the flux over the basin results from the significant mixing of air within the CBL. As horizontal transport of sensible heat flux from the top of the mountain toward over the basin results in the continuous accumulation of heat with time, enhancing air temperature at the surface of the basin, especially Taegu city to be higher than $39.3^{\circ}C$. Since latent heat fluxes are $270W/\textrm{m}^2$ near the top of the mountain and $300W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope of the mountain and the basin, evaporation of water vapor from the surface of the basin is much higher than one from the mountain and then, horizontal transport of latent heat flux is from the basin toward the mountain, showing relative humidity of 65 to 75% over the mountain to be much greater than 50% to 55% in the basin. At night, sensible heat fluxes have negative values of $-120W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope near the top of the mountain and $-50W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin, which indicate gain of heat from the lower atmosphere. Nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer with a thickness of about 100m, which is much lower than common surface inversion layer, and lifts extremely heated air masses for daytime hours, namely, a warm pool of $34^{\circ}C$ to be isolated over the ground surface in the basin. As heat transfer from the warm pool in the lower atmosphere toward the ground of the basin occurs, the air near the surface of the basin does not much cool down, resulting in the persistence of high temperature at night, called nocturnal thermal high or tropical night. High relative humidity of 75% is found at the surface of the basin under the moderate wind, while slightly low relative humidity of 60% is along the eastern slope of the high mountain, due to adiabatic heating by the srong downslope wind. Air temperature near the surface of the basin with high moisture in the evening does not get lower than that during the day and the high temperature produces nocturnal warming situation.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.435-452
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• 2016

천리안(Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite) 위성자료로부터 Cho et al.(2015)에 의해 개발된 분리대기창법(split-window method: CSW_v2.0)을 적용하여 현업적으로 지표면온도를 산출하고 있다. CSW_v2.0으로부터 산출된 지표면온도는 MODIS 지표면온도와 비교하였을 때 적절한 수준의 정확도로 산출되었으나 역전층이나 기온감률이 클 때 상대적으로 오차가 크게 발생하였다. 이를 해결하기 위해 지표 경계층에서의 기온의 일변동을 복사전달모델에 처방하여 모의자료를 구축한 후 이를 이용하여 지표면온도 산출 알고리즘을 개선하였다(CSW_v3.0). CSW_v3.0에서는 복사전달모델에 처방된 지표면온도와 복사전달모델로부터 산출된 지표면온도간의 상관계수가 기존 알고리즘과 동일한 수준인 0.99 이상을 유지하면서 편의는 -0.03 K에서 -0.012 K, RMSE는 1.39 K에서 1.138 K로 감소하였다. CSW_v2.0에서 역전층이나 기온감률이 클 때, 휘도온도차와 방출율 차가 클 때 발생하는 계통적 오차를 개선된 알고리즘에서는 편의와 RMSE를 10-30% 감소시켜 상당 부분 개선하였다. CSW_v3.0으로부터 산출된 지표면온도와 MODIS 지표면온도와의 간접 검증에서는 상관계수가 0.986에서 0.985로 높은 상관성을 유지하면서 편의는 0.629 K에서 -0.049 K, RMSE는 2.537 K에서 2.502 K로 오차를 감소시켰다.

• 대기
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.31-46
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• 2020

The aircraft observation campaign was performed to investigate thermodynamic conditions of snowfall cloud over the East Sea of Korean peninsula from 2 February to 16 March 2018. During this period, four snowfall events occurred in the Yeongdong region and three cases were analyzed using dropsonde data. Snowfall cases were associated with the passage of southern low-pressure (maritime warm air mass) and expansion of northern high-pressure (continental polar air mass). Case 1 and Case 2a were related to low-pressure systems, and Case 2b and Case 3 were connected with high-pressure systems, respectively. And their thermodynamic properties and horizontal distribution of snowfall cloud were differed according to the influence of the synoptic condition. In Case 1 and Case 2a, atmospheric layers between sea surface and 350 hPa contained moisture more than 15 mm of TPW with multiple inversion layers detected by dropsonde data, while the vertical atmosphere of Case 2b and Case 3 were dry as TPW 5 mm or less with a single inversion inversion layer around 750~850 hPa. However, the vertical distributions of equivalent potential temperature (θ_e) were similar as moist-adiabatically neutral condition regardless of the case. But, their values below 900 hPa were about 10 K higher in Case 1 and Case 2a (285~290 K) than in Case 2b and Case 3 (275~280 K). The difference in these values is related to the characteristics of the incoming air mass and the location of the snowfall cloud.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.681-691
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• 2016

자외선, 가시광, 적외선 파장대역의 채널을 갖는 위성 관측에 기반한 다양한 에어로졸 정보산출 알고리즘에 대해 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 최근 발사된 일본 기상위성 히마와리 8의 가시광-적외선 채널정보를 이용하여, 어두운 지표 위에서 에어로졸 광학정보를 산출하였다. 가시영역을 이용한 에어로졸 광학정보 산출은 지표신호의 정확한 제거가 매우 중요한데, 이는 최소반사도법을 사용하여 산출하였다. 본 알고리즘은 어두운 지표에서 에어로졸 광학정보를 산출을 하기에 구름, 사막 등과 같은 밝은 지표 위에서는 산출하지 않는다. AHI는 가시광채널 외에도, 다양한 적외 채널을 갖고 있어 공간 비균질성, 밝기온도차이(Brightness Temperature Difference, BTD) 등을 이용하여 구름제거가 가능하다. 밝기온도(Brightness Temperature, BT)를 이용해 하층운, 상층운 제거에 유리한 채널을 사용하여 구름을 제거하게 된다. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) 산출 결과로는 상관계수가 0.7, 기대오차(Expected Error, EE) 안에 있는 비율이 49%를 나타내고 있으며, 낮은 AOD에서도 정확한 산출이 이뤄지고 있음을 보이고 있다. 다만 베이징 허베이 지역에서는 에어로졸 광학두께를 과소모의하는 경향이 있는데, 이는 최소반사도법을 이용한 지표정보 산출이 실제 지표반사도보다 높게 지표면 정보를 추정하게 되기 때문으로 추정된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권6_1호
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• pp.857-868
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• 2018

특정 지점에서 대기 에어러솔의 미세물리적 특성과 시공간적 분포는 에어로솔 입자의 광학특성을 파악하기 위한 중요한 변수이다. 이러한 에어러솔의 광학특성값에 대한 정확한 산출은 복사전달 모의 과정에서 정확한 값을 제공함으로 중요한 역할을 가지게 된다. 따라서 본 연구는 사용자가 요구하는 시공간적 조건에서 정확한 에어로솔 모델을 산출하기 위한 방법으로서 재분석 자료와 광학 특성 데이터 베이스를 이용한 시너지 에어로솔 모델을 산출하는 방법을 제시하였다. 제안된 시너지 에어로솔 모델은 에어로솔의 주요 성분별 광학두께(Aerosol Optical Depth; AOD)값에 의하여 가중치가 적용된 혼합 에어러솔 형태의 광학 모델을 산출하기 위함이며, $40{\mu}m$까지의 파장영역에서 광학특성값을 제공한다. 주요 에어로솔 이벤트 사례에 대하여, 시너지적 에어러솔 모델(Synergy Aerosol Model; SAM)은 기존의 복사전달 모델에서 사용되고 있는 표준 에어러솔 모델과는 차별적인 결과를 보여주었으며, 지상관측 Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET) inversion 산출물과의 비교를 통하여 오차범위 내의 정량적인 결과를 가지고 있는 것을 보였다. 따라서, 복사전달 모의에 있어 시너지 에어로솔 모델의 사용은 실제 대기 중 에어러솔에 의한 영향을 정량적으로 평가하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이며, 개선된 복사 모의 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.85.2-86
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• 2015

The YORP effect is non-gravitational force that changes the spin-status of asteroid. So far this effect has been directly detected only from the Near-Earth asteroids (Taylor et al. 2007; Lowry et al. 2007, 2014; Breiter et al. 2011; Durech et al. 2008, 2012). Pravec at el. 2008 found the evidences for changing spin rate of small asteroids (3 - 15 km) by the YORP effect in the Main-Belt and Mars-crossing asteroids. The Mars-crossing asteroids (1.3 < q < 1.66 AU) are objects that cross orbit of the Mars. The Mars-crossing asteroids are regarded as one of the main sources for the Near-Earth asteroids. We expect that rotation of Mars-crossing asteroids would be influenced by the YORP effect. We try to search observational evidence of the YORP effect for the Mars-crossing asteroid. Our target 2078 Nanking is a population of the Mars-crossing asteroid. First light-curve of 2078 Nanking was obtained from Mohamed et al. 1994, and Warner et al. 2015 recently published new observational data. We observed this asteroid on 26th Nov. 2014 and 17th Jan. 2015 using SOAO (Sobaeksan Optical Astronomy Observatory) 0.61 m telescope with 4K CCD. Using light-curve inversion method (Kaasalainen & Torppa 2001; Kaasalainen et al. 2001), we try to determine the pole orientation and shape model of this asteroid based on the combination of our light-curve and literature photometric data. Knowing spin parameters, such as rotational period and spin axis, are essential for studying the YORP effect. In this presentation, we provide some preliminary results of our recent study: light-curve and processing of shape modeling of 2078 Nanking. We plan to find observational clue for the YORP effect on the Mars-crossing asteroids.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.28-39
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• 1985

저층 jet와 야간 최대 연안표층풍의 유도 mechanism을 텍사스주의 Port Aransas 와 Victoria지역에서 1976년 6월부터 1980년 8월까지 관측된 바람자료를 사용하여 경압모델에 의해 연구되었다. 이모델은 forcing function인 종관 및 중기압 경도, 마찰력과 대기안정도를 고려하여 개발된다. 연구결과는 야간최대 연안표층풍 에 대해 저층 jet가 95%의 출현빈도를 보여준다. 여름철에는 경사지형에 의한 경압 성이 thermal field의 일변화를 초래한다. 이 온도풍이 낮에는 탁월한 남풍의 풍속을 감소시키고 밤에는 증가시킨 다. 야간대기안정도는 마찰력 유리를 유도하므로 야간 저층 jet를 강화한다. 해안에서는 중립안정도가 지배적이고 또 저층 jet로부터 운동 량의 연직전이는 야간 최대연안표층풍을 형성한다. 저층 jet의 출현고도는 역전층과 의 뚜렷한 관계를 보여주지 않으며, 이 모델에 의한 계산결과는 관측치와 잘 일치 한다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.87-90
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• 2005

The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC mission is a micro satellite mission to deploy a constellation of six micro satellites at low Earth orbits. The final mission orbit is of an altitude of 750-800 lan. It is a collaborative Taiwan-USA science experiment. Each satellite consists of three science payloads in which the GPS occultation experiment (GOX) payload will collect the GPS signals for the studies of meteorology, climate, space weather, and geodesy. The GOX onboard FORMOSAT -3 is designed as a GPS receiver with 4 antennas. The fore and aft limb antennas are installed on the front and back sides, respectively, and as well as the two precise orbit determination (POD) antennas. The precise orbit information is needed for both the occultation inversion and geodetic research. However, the instrument associated errors, such as the antenna phase center offset and even the different cable delay due to the geometric configuration of fore- and aft-positions of the POD antennas produce error on the orbit. Thus, the focus of this study is to investigate the impact of POD antenna parameter on the determination of precise satellite orbit. Furthermore, the effect of the accuracy of the determined satellite orbit on the retrieved atmospheric and ionospheric parameters is also examined. The CHAMP data, the FORMOSAT-3 satellite and orbit parameters, the Bernese 5.0 software, and the occultation data processing system are used in this work. The results show that 8 cm error on the POD antenna phase center can result in ~8 cm bias on the determined orbit and subsequently cause 0.2 K deviation on the retrieved atmospheric temperature at altitudes above 10 lan.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2014

The capital city of Himalayan Country Nepal, Kathmandu Valley is surrounded by consecutive high mountains, which limits the air distribution and mixing effects significantly. It in turn generates steady air flow pattern over a year except in monsoon season. The air shed in the Valley is easily trapped by the surrounded mountains and the inversion layer formulated as the cap. The $PM_{10}$ concentration was noticeably higher than the standard level (120 ${\mu}g/m^3$) in urban and suburban area of Kathmandu valley for all seasons except monsoon period. The Valley area experiences similar wind patterns (W, WWS, and S) for a year but the Easterly wind prevails only during the monsoon period. There was low and calm wind blows during the winter season. Because of this air flow structure, the air emission from various sources is accumulated within the valley air, high level of air pollution is frequently recorded with other air polluted cities over the world. In this Valley area, brick kilns are recognized as the major air pollution source followed by vehicles. Mostly Bull Trench Kiln (BKT), Hoffman Kiln and Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) are in operation for brick firing in Kathmandu valley where the fuels such as crushed coal, saw dust, and natural gas are used for processing bricks in this study. Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) was used for screening and quantifying the potential impacts of air emission from firing fuels. The total Environmental Performance Score (EPS) was estimated and the EPS of coal was approximately 2.5 times higher than those of natural gas and saw dust. It is concluded that the crushed coal has more negative impact to the environment and human health than other fuel sources. Concerning the human health and environment point of view, alternative environment friendly firing fuel need to be used for brick industry in the kiln and the air pollution control devices also need to be applied for minimizing the air emissions from the kilns.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.183-203
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• 2008

"Uihakdokseogi(醫學讀書記)" is a casual work which mentions Ujaekyeong(尤在涇)'s thoughts on various problems found through extensive studying or in practice. The book does not focus on a single topic, thus the spectrum of the work is broad and is filled with problems which would interest most medical professionals. The major contents of the first volume of "Uihakdokseogi(醫學讀書記)" include differences of view on health preservation, the Five Circuit Phases[五運] and Six Atmospheric Influences[六氣], diseases, and the "Naegyeong(內經)", mentions on errors in transcription , and the gap between certain contents in "Yeongchu(靈樞)" and "Somun(素問)". U[尤在涇] asserts that Eum and Yang(陰陽) in a human should be in harmony as is the Gi(氣) of the sky and earth[天地] is, and that one should live according to the Gi(氣) of the four seasons to live a healthy life. He does not vary largely from the context of other writers on the matter of the Five Circuit Phases [五運] and Six Atmospheric Influences[六氣], and focuses on the concepts of predominant Gi[主氣], guest Gi[客氣], corresponding years[天符] , correlating years[歲會], and Taeeul corresponding years[太乙天符]. He mentions causes, symptoms, and treatments of various diseases such as cough due to asthenia of the viscera, stagnation of Yang(陽), stagnation of Eum(陰), abscess of the stomach, hard abscess of the intestines, upper emaciation, edema of the limbs, inability to raise the limbs, broken thigh, turbid fluid, inversion of Gi(氣) flow, sudden onset of fainting with cold extremities, diarrhea due to disorder of Gi(氣), and malaria. U[尤在涇] also points out faults of "Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion[甲乙經]" in the understanding of "Naegyeong(內經)".