• 대순사상논총
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• 제24_2집
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• pp.85-115
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• 2015

The Reordering of the Universe(天地公事) pursuing the Latter world(後天)'s ideal world while denying the Former world(先天) is composed of enormous rituals. The Dosu(度數) is formed through these rituals and the world is transformed according to the Dosu. The people who follow the Sangje(上帝), the subject of this universe reordering and also participate in the Reordering of the Universe are called as the followers. The follower group can be said as a ritual group in the aspect that they participate in the ritual for the Reordering of the Universe. They not only observed the rituals but also actively participated in them, so took certain roles in forming the Dosu. That is, they performed certain, given roles in developing the rituals, or actively proposed their ideas under the Sangje's leadership, and participated in the process realizing the Dosu. Therefore it can be said that they were a group initiatively participating in the process overcoming the Former world's Sangguk(相克) world, and making the latter world's ideal world. It seemed that the followers at that time might have gone through a certain entrance ritual process in order to join in such a follower group. The 『Jeon-Gyeong』 recorded the entrance rituals of a man called as Cha Gyeong Seok among tremendous followers relatively in detail. According to the 『Jeon-Gyeong』, he first had to get a unique test in the entrance process, and the test was proceeded in several stages: the wisdom test reflecting the Sangje's unusual intelligence, the patience test to endure physical, psychological pains for the great ethic, and the test to evaluate the testee's ability to give up past oneself and to follow the Sangje with a new body & mind. In the process separating himself from the past his appearance, Gyeong-Seok, the candidate to enter, faced a liminal situation, and then performed the incorporation rite. In this process, the purification rite going him out of the past relationship of benefits & grudges was performed, and he was given the regulations to comply as a member of the follower group. Through such serial processes, his entrance in the follower group was allowed. What requested to the candidate in this entrance process was the severance from one's past. For that, the candidate was needed to go out of his past life habits, to free from the relationship of benefits and grudges, and to sever him from his past faults. Such severance was the precondition for him to go out of the Former world's negative reality and to break from the Sanggeuk habits. Another thing requesting to the candidate as well as the severance from his past was to establish a new ideal. The new ideal should be matched with the ideal of the Reordering of the Universe whose main ideology was the Haewon-Sangsaeng(解冤相生). Such ideal can be said as the driving force to proceed toward the new ideal world of Latter World. And the candidate was requested to purify his mind and to participate in the Universe Fair Judgement (天地公庭). That can be said as an important condition for the new member directly to participate in the ritual of the Reordering of the Universe dramatically transforming the world. Finally, the candidate was given the regulations for his ascetic practice(修道) as well as his participation in the Reordering, and was requested to comply them. After becoming a member of this follower group, one had to practice his asceticism through the compliance with such regulations and the training of mantras(呪文) in order to accomplish the goal called as Dotong(道通). By fulfilling these requirements, the newly entered member could have the qualification to perform a certain role in the ritual of the Reordering of the Universe, and could accomplish his religious ideal.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제37집
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• pp.357-384
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• 2021

大巡伦理思想以"一道""二山""三界"为信仰要素, 建构一套生命宗教的新型伦理形态。其中, "一道"即姜甑山"大巡"天下所传"真理", 亦即大巡伦理思想之基本道德原则, 内容为"阴阳合德, 神人调化, 解冤相生, 道通真境" ; "二山"为大巡真理会之信仰对象, 即"教主"姜甑山和"道主"赵鼎山 ; "三界"为大巡道德关怀的涵括天地人在内的生命视域。围绕其宗教道德原则, 大巡真理会以"诚, 敬, 信"为"三要谛", 以"安心, 安身, 敬天, 修道"为"四纲领", 将其"一道"的伦理要旨, 转化为终极信仰的道德要求与人伦日用的行为规范, 进而对道人之身心修行工夫与神明交互感应做出宗教礼仪规制, 再从个人修道之"道通真境", 人神皆尊协同, 以及道信众生共建"地上仙境"道出其伦理价值理想。大巡伦理思想与佛, 耶, 道诸教相较, 具有三大精神特质 : "三界相生"的整体性, "人神皆尊"的协同性, 以及"地上天国"的入世性。

• 철학연구
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• 제137권
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• pp.323-356
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• 2016

삶을 의지현상으로 해석하는 쇼펜하우어의 철학은 니체의 철학에 많은 영향을 주었다. 그러나 삶의 가치에 대한 문제에서 니체는 쇼펜하우어를 비판한다. 맹목적인 삶에의 의지가 가져오는 고통 때문에 궁극적으로 삶에의 의지를 전적으로 부정하는 쇼펜하우어의 입장을 니체는 받아들이지 않는다. 니체는 모든 존재를 이끌어가는 것은 삶에 대한 적극적인 긍정을 의미하는 힘에의 의지(Wille zur Macht)이기 때문이다. 물론 쇼펜하우어와 니체의 철학은 이성에 대한 적극적인 신뢰에서 추상적인 개념을 통해서 인간의 삶과 세계를 묘사하려는 전통철학에 대해서 비판적이라는 점에서 긴밀한 철학적 연대를 형성하고 있다. 그러나 삶의 가치에 대한 해석은 이들을 각자의 길로 걷게 만든다. 특히 니체는 도덕의 문제와 관련하여 쇼펜하우어의 입장을 비판한다. 계보학적 사유를 통해서 도덕의 기원과 인간의 도덕감정을 분석하는 니체는 동정심(Mitleid)을 도덕의 토대로 설정하는 쇼펜하우어에 대해서 원한감정(Ressentiment)을 도덕의 출발점으로 설정한다. 니체는 나약한 노예계급이 강자에 대한 원한감정 속에서 강자를 극복하기 위한 방편으로 선과 악의 개념을 만들어냈으며, 여기에서 도덕의 가치는 허구적인 기원을 갖는다고 지적한다. 니체의 이러한 해석은 도덕의 가치를 해체하며, 이러한 형태의 도덕가치는 결코 삶의 의미들을 구축할 수 없다고 지적한다. 특히 이러한 도덕의 이상이 금욕적 이상과 연결될 때 그 위험성을 증가한다는 것이 니체의 지적이다. 니체는 이러한 금욕적 이상의 대표자로 쇼펜하우어의 도덕을 언급하는데, 이러한 금욕적 이상은 도덕의 가치가 어떤 식으로든 삶의 긍정을 의미해야 한다고 보는 니체의 입장에서는 해체되어야 할 것이다. 이 논문에서는 도덕개념을 중심으로 쇼펜하우어철학에 니체의 비판이 지닌 특징들과 문제점들에 대해서 고찰하도록 한다.