• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.102-111
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• 1998

Large amount of sludge have been generating in the process of water and wastewater treatment in urban area, and it has been making many environmental problems. Currently almost of sludge is landfilled, and since sludge is difficult to handle and dehydrate, the permeated water from the filled-in ground contaminate the surrounding soil and groundwater which may cause serious environmental and sociological problems. The organic component in sludge can be almost removed through the heat treatment process, and the final product is called artificial soil or artificial media according to the temperature control. To produce artificial media using sludge, chabazite and lime were used as an additive, and the mixture of sludge & additives was thermally treated in the firing kiln at about 800~1, 100。C for about fifteen minutes. The physical and chemical characteristics of the produced artificial media were analyzed, and it showed that it can be used as an artificial media for plant production or soil conditioner for farmland. The concentrations of the toxic heavy metals in the artificial media were lower than the soil quality standard for farmland. The characteristics of produced artificial media, using the mixture of sludge and additives through the heat treatment, is similar to the natural chabazite and soil. The analyzed result of the mineral composition of artificial media showed that it has a characteristics similar to natural stable soil, so the produced artificial media may be applied to farmland or water culture without causing adverse effect. Therefore this study showed that the above process can be a feasible alternative for sludge treatment.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out in order to study the changes of morphological characters of growth and thatch accumulation in perennial ryegrass as affected by the different levels of soil compaction and coring depth. Soil compactions were treated with 10, 20, 30 and 40kg power roller and artificial core depth were 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0cm under the ground, respectively. And, artificial core space were fixed 84.5% in all soil compaction levels. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Relationship between number of tillers and root weight was positive significant difference for soil compaction levels. 2. Relationships between shoot dry weight and thatch weight, and number of tillers were positively significant difference for artificial core depths. It may indicate that thatch accumulation depend on the growth of shoot, and increase of shoot dry weight as growth progressed may due to increase of number of tillers, respectively. 3. Soil compaction level of 20kg was greatly influenced on the growth of shoot in all artificial soil depths. Thus, shoot dry weight and number of tillers were obtained the highest value, but thatch and root weight were obtained the lowest values at the soil compaction level of 20kg. It was suggested that soil compaction of 20kg is very suitable rolling factor for turf maintenance. 4. Thatch weight was positively significant difference for the interaction of soil compaction levelXcoring depth.5. Thatch weight was positive significant correlated with root weight, and negative significant correlated with number of tillers by increase of soil compaction levels.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.321-333
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• 2008

Considering risks and artificial enrichments of metals in the soils of the study area, the study aims to analyze geology, grain size and geochemistry. Geology is mainly composed of gneisses and phyllites of metamorphic rocks, sandstones, siltstones, shales, tuffs of sedimentary ones and granites and andesites of igneous ones in the area. In the area, mean contents of metals are not meaningful in accordance with petrogenesis. The soil textures of the area are of S, lS and sL of sandy soil, L, scL, cL of loam and C, zC and sC of clayey soil. Mean contents of Ni, Cr, Co and Cu are meaningfully high in loam and clayey soil relative to sandy soil, whereas Ni, Zn, Cd contents are higher in clayey soil than in loam. Those differences imply the metallic contents are dependent to grain size. Based on the metal contents in the soils of the study area, Cu and Zn in loams and Pb in sandy soils are corresponded to soil contamination warning standards, and As showing 75mg/kg of maximum content in loams is assigned to soil contamination countermeasure standards, respectively. Artificial enrichment factor minimized wall rock and grain size relations is over 1 in Cr, Ni and Cu, but the factor is below 1 in average of other metals.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.256-272
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to develop landslide susceptibility analysis techniques using artificial neural network and to apply the newly developed techniques to the study area of Boun in Korea. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs, field survey data, and a spatial database of the topography, soil type, timber cover, geology and land use. The landslide-related factors (slope, aspect, curvature, topographic type, soil texture, soil material, soil drainage, soil effective thickness, timber type, timber age, and timber diameter, timber density, geology and land use) were extracted from the spatial database. Using those factors, landslide susceptibility was analyzed by artificial neural network methods. For this, the weights of each factor were determinated in 3 cases by the backpropagation method, which is a type of artificial neural network method. Then the landslide susceptibility indexes were calculated and the susceptibility maps were made with a GIS program. The results of the landslide susceptibility maps were verified and compared using landslide location data. A GIS was used to efficiently analyze the vast amount of data, and an artificial neural network was turned out be an effective tool to maintain precision and accuracy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.1159-1164
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• 2006

In this paper an artificial neural network model is developed to estimate the unconfined compression strength of Deep Cement Mixing(DCM) treated soil. A database which consists of a number of unconfined compression test result compiled from 9 clay sites is used to train and test of the artificial neural network model. Developed neural network model requires water content of soil, unit weight of soil, passing percent of #200 sieve, weight of cement, w-c ratio as input variables. It is found that the developed artificial neural network model can predict more precise and reliable unconfined compression strength than the conventional empirical models.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.102-112
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• 2003

This study was carried out to research and develop a shallow green rooftop system which would require low maintenance and therefore could be used for existing rooftops. To achieve these goals, the conceptual model was induced by past studies and the experimental systems were deduced from the conceptual model. On the growth of Sedum sarmentosum grown in these rooftop systems, the effects of artificial substrate type, soil depth, and drainage type were investigated from 3 April to 11 October 2002. Artificial substrates were an alone type and a blending type. The alone type was an artificial substrate formulated by blending crushed porous glass with bark(v/v, 6:4). The blending type was formulated by blending the alone type with loam(v/v, 1:1). Soil depths were 5cm, loom, and 15cm. Drainage types were a reservoir-drainage type and a drainage type. The reservoir-drainage type could keep water and drain excessive water at the same time. The drainage type could drain excessive water but could not keep water. Covering area, total fresh and dry weight, visual quality, and water content per 1g dry matter were measured. All the variables were analyzed by correlation analysis and factor analysis. The results of the study are summarized as follows. The growth increment was higher in the blending type than in the alone type, the highest in loom soil depth and higher in the reservoir-drainage type than in the drainage type. The growth quality was higher in the blending type than in the alone type, the highest in l0cm soil depth, and higher in the drainage type than in the reservoir-drainage type. In consideration of the permissible load on the existing rooftops and the effects of the treatments on the growth increment and quality, the system should adopt the blending type in artificial substrate types, 5~10cm in soil depths, and the drainage type in drainage types. This system will be well-suited to the growth of Sedum sarmentosum, and when the artificial substrate was in field capacity, the weight will be 75~115kg/$m^2$.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.263-277
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• 2024

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are artificial learning algorithms that provide successful results in solving many machine learning problems such as classification, prediction, object detection, object segmentation, image and video classification. There is an increasing number of studies that use ANNs as a prediction tool in soil classification. The aim of this research was to understand the role of hyperparameter optimization in enhancing the accuracy of ANNs for soil type classification. The research results has shown that the hyperparameter optimization and hyperparamter optimized ANNs can be utilized as an efficient mechanism for increasing the estimation accuracy for this problem. It is observed that the developed hyperparameter tool (HyperNetExplorer) that is utilizing the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMAES), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Jaya Algorithm (JA) optimization techniques can be successfully used for the discovery of hyperparameter optimized ANNs, which can accomplish soil classification with 100% accuracy.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

The objective of this study is to improve the function of an artificial culture soil which was mixed mainly with alum sludge. The artificial culture soil was more efficient than the commercial culture soil for the growth of perennial ryegrass and bush clover. Artificial culture soil was prepared paper sludge(40%), alum sludge(30%), sewage sludge(20%), and compost (10%). This artificial culture soil had no adverse effect on phytotoxicity tests. The alum sludge gives some water holding capacity and cohesion strength to the soil enought to require no other addition of adhesive agents. The leaching of aluminum from the alum sludge was negligible even at very low pH(=2) due to the mixed compost.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2003

In this study, soil seed and bud bank analysis were performed to abbess the mass of potential vegetation in soils less than 1 year old after covered and estimate the amount of seed bank transport through construction in urban area. The ratio of exotic species number to total species number in study sites and the landfill control site was 0.29 and 0.39, respectively. All plots pooled, mean species number and total mean seedling density per $\m^2$ in the top 10 cm of soil was 11$\pm$0 (average$\pm$S.E.) and 8037$\pm$221.Total plant seeds by artificial soil trasnsfer were estimated to be 53 thousand million $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in 10 cm soil depth. It reveals that soil transfer accelerates seeds and vegetation movement and makes urban vegetation mixed and common.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.105-118
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of profile disturbance with different artificial accumulation history on physico-chemical properties of soil under plastic film house. The investigations included soil profile description using soil column cylinder auger F10cm x h110cm, in situ and laboratory measurements of soil properties at five sites each at the cucumber (Site Ic ~ Vc) and grape (Site Ig ~ Vg) plastic film houses with artificial soil accumulation. The sites except sites Ic, IVc, IVg and Vg, belong to ex-paddy area. The types of accumulates around root zone included sandy loam soil for 3 sites, loam soil for 1 site, saprolite for 2 sites, and multi-layer with different accumulates for 3 sites. Especially, Site IIg has mixed plow zone (Ap horizon) with original soil and saprolite, whereas disturbed soil layers of the other sites are composed of only external accumulates. The soil depth disturbed by artificial accumulation ranged from 20 cm, for Site IIg, to whole measured depth of 110 cm, for Site IVc, Vc, and Site IVg. Elapsed time from artificially accumulation to investigation time ranged from 3 months, Site IIc, to more than 20 years, Site Vg, paddy-soil covering over well-drained upland soil during land leveling in 1980s. Disturbed top layer in all sites except Site Vg had no structure, indicating low structural stability. In situ infiltration rate had no correlation with texture or organic matter content, but highest value with highest variability in Site IIIc, the shortest elapsed time since sandy loam soil accumulation. Relatively low infiltration rate was observed in sites accumulated by saprolite with coarse texture, presumably because its low structural stability in the way of weathering process could result in relatively high compaction in agro-machine work or irrigation. In all cucumber sites, there were water-transport limited zone with very low permeable or impermeability within 50 cm under soil surface, but Site IIg, IIIg, and Vg, with relatively weak disturbance or structured soil, were the reverse. We observed the big change in texture and re-increase of organic matter content, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations between disturbed layer and original soil layer. This study, therefore, suggest that the accumulation of coarse material such as saprolite for cultivating cash crop under plastic film house might not improve soil drainage and structural stability, inversely showing weaker disturbance of original soil profile with higher drainage.