• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop a risk communication material on artificial food color additives for elementary school students. The development was based on a previous study on the perception and information needs of elementary school students on artificial food colors including that the students usually were interested in artificial food colors, but didn't know about those well, and they wanted to get information on the safety of their intake, function and necessity of food color additives. Based on the above results, a comic book on artificial food colors was developed as a risk communication material for the elementary school students by brainstorming and consultation with experts. The book was titled as 'Variegated artificial food colors! Understanding and Eating'. It contained basic information on food additives focused on artificial food colors including definition, function, calculation of ADI, usage of artificial food colors, quizzes and useful web sites, etc. The results of field evaluation for the developed material by 101 elementary school students were very positive in getting the correct information, understanding artificial food colors and having proper attitude for healthy dietary life. Therefore, the developed material could be used to help elementary school students have proper perception on artificial food colors and facilitate the risk communication on food additives.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.78-83
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• 2007

The colors have a close to our life and there are many color names derived from plants in Japan. This study aimed to analyze relationship people and plants and investigated what the images of colors derived from plants related to the color names. Surveys on color images of abstract and concrete were conducted with adults who lived in the metropolitan area and in urban areas. The subjects were surveyed about images of similar colors derived from plants(3 type of similar two colors; pink, green and yellow) and asked to select a pair of color names(momo or pink, midori or green, yamabuki or lemon) corresponding to the color. The subjects were simultaneously presented with two similar colors and asked to give their perceptions of each color against 13 polar opposite pairs of terms or phrases using a Semantic Differential Scale, and asked to select the number of the 16 items concerned with life such as clothes and food. With the pink colors, many subjects did not feel opposite abstract images between these two similar colors and felt the same concrete images such as 'cosmetics' and 'clothes', and these color names such as momo and pink are confused. With the green colors and the yellow colors, many subjects felt opposite abstract images between these two similar colors such as 'natural - artificial' and 'rural - urban' and different concrete images such as 'plants' and 'plastics', and these two similar colors are distinguished by the color names such as 'midori - green' and 'yamabuki - lemon'. The results revealed that there are two patterns in the relationship colors derived from plants, color images and color names. In the pattern which images of colors derived from plants are connected with artificial things irrelevant to plants, the color names corresponding to the two similar colors are confused. On the other hand, in the pattern which images of colors derived from plants are connected with plants and artificial things, the two similar colors are distinguished by their color names. So demographics influenced the images of color, younger subjects compared with older tend to obviously distinguish images of colors derived from plants, and there are images of color influenced by the environment as a child. In both patterns, images of colors derived from plants are influenced by artificial things and natural colors are limited among many people. These results indicate that there are a few opportunities to see colors of plants which are full of variety. These results suggest that it is necessary to recognize colors derived from plants in relation to plants and to educate regarding the nature of plants, therefore landscape architecture focused on colors of plants is required.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.631-639
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of macaroons prepared using natural color materials (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (Re-N), mulberry leaf (Gr-N), pumpkin (Ye-N), and cocoa powder (Br-N)) and corresponding artificial food colorants (red (Re-A), yellow (Ye-A), green (Gr-A) and brown (Br-A)). The moisture content of macaroons prepared using natural color material was higher compared to the macaroons prepared using artificial food colorant. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was similar in both types of macaroons. Lightness and redness of Re-N, Gr-N, Ye-N, and Br-N macaroons were lower than Re-A, Gr-A, Ye-A and Br-A macaroons. Yellowness of Re-N was higher because of the browning reaction. The texture profile analysis revealed lower hardness when natural color powder was employed. In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was not significantly different between natural colored and artificial colored macaroons. As a result, macaroons with the natural color material were softer and showed higher antioxidative activity, however, organoleptic properties were not much different when compared with macaroons with artificial colors. Apparently, it is stated that more studies on the development of macaroons with more enhanced physical functionality and good taste using natural materials should be performed.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2003

Content analysis of food advertisements was undertaken to investigate the nature of the messages related to health, nutrition or consumer-promotion in 2001 women's magazines. Advertisements on baby foods were collected from three women's magazines and the final samples obtained were 42 different copies of advertisements. All the messages in each sample were counted and calculated for their frequency (％). Messages were categorized into four areas (health, nutrition, non-nutrition, consumer promotion), and each area was classified into more detailed categories. Results showed that all the messages in 42 samples and average messages per advertisement were 1288 and 30.7, respectively. The most common type of promotional messages was health related (e.g., appeal to enhanced immune function and disease prevention and brain development), followed by consumer related, nutrition and non-nutrition messages in order. Messages about high quality and all natural ingredients were more emphasized in the consumer related category. Messages on fats (DHA, lecithin and arachidonic acid), proteins (neucleotides, taurine) and mineral (calcium, iron) were most frequently found in nutrition category. Amongst the three kinds of baby foods, formula ads had the most numerous messages related to health and nutrition. There were more consumer related messages in the ads of weaning foods, and more promotional messages about no addition of antiseptic, artificial additives, and food colors in the ads for older infant foods. Messages violating regulation (e.g., exaggerated or inaccurate or non-scientific messages) were frequently found in the advertisements of three kinds of baby foods. In conclusion, tighter supervision of food advertisements and nutrition education is required to protect the consumers from misleading advertisements.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.496-505
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• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng is a marvelous herbal remedy for all ailments of body. That may be why it is called Panax, which means "cure for all". Melanin is a pigment that gives color to our skin; however, increased melanin production can lead to tumor formation. Human exposure to ultraviolet B radiation has increased extensively owing to the increased sunlight due to global warming. Consequently, a phenomenon called photoaging has been observed for all skin colors and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, which serve as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen, is increased, causing depletion of collagen and resulting in early wrinkle formation. Methods: Therefore, in our study, we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the inhibition of melanogenesis by Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to artificial ultraviolet B to examine the efficacy of KRG in vivo. We prepared a 3% red ginseng extract cream and evaluated its effects on human skin. Results: Our results demonstrated that KRG induced potent suppression of tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells; moreover, it reduced the transcription and translation of components involved in the melanin production pathway. In the in vivo experiments, KRG potently suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reduced wrinkle formation, and inhibited collagen degradation. On human skin, ginseng cream increased skin resilience and skin moisture and enhanced skin tone. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that KRG is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2015

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms play a major role in plant growth promotion through symbiotic association with roots of forest trees. They also provide an economically important food resource to us and therefore they have been studied for their artificial cultivation for decades in Korea. We have secured bio-resources of ECM mushrooms from Korean forests and performed their physiological studies. To investigate the cultural characteristics, the fungi were cultured under different conditions (medium, temperature, pH of the medium, inorganic nitrogen source). More than 90% of total 160 strains grew on three solid media (potato dextrose agar, PDA; sabouraud dextrose agar, SDA; modified Melin-Norkrans medium, MMN). The rate of mycelial growth on malt extract agar (MEA) was lower than those of three media (PDA, SDA, MMN). None of the Tricholomataceae strains grew on MEA. Many strains of ECM mushrooms were able to grow at the temperature range of $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ on PDA, while they showed poor growth at $10^{\circ}C$ or $30^{\circ}C$. In particular, the growth rates of both Gomphaceae and Tricholomataceae were significantly lower at $10^{\circ}C$ than at $30^{\circ}C$. The optimal pH of many strains was pH 5.0 when they cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB). Fifty-seven percent of tested strains grew well on medium containing ammonium source than nitrate source. Many strains of Tricholomataceae showed a notable growth on ammonium medium than nitrate medium. Twenty-three percent of strains preferred nitrate source than ammonium source for their mycelial growth. The production and activity of two enzymes (cellulase and laccase) by ECM fungi were also assayed on the enzyme screening media containing CMC or ABTS. Each strains exhibited different levels of enzymatic activities as well as enzyme production. The number of laccase-producing strains was less than that of cellulase-producing strains. We found that 77% of tested strains produced both cellulase and laccase, whereas 2% of strains did not produce any enzymes. The morphological characteristics of mycelial colony were also examined on four different solid media. Yellow was a dominant color in mycelial colony and followed by white and brown on all culture media. ECM mushrooms formed mycelial colonies with a single or multiple colors within a culture medium depending on the strains and culture media. The most common shape of mycelial colony was a circular form on all media tested. Other families except for Amanitaceae formed an irregular colony on MMN than PDA. All strains of Tricholomataceae did not form a filamentous colony on all media. The pigmentation of culture media by mycelial colonies was observed in more than 50% of strains tested on both PDA and SDA. The degree of pigmentation on PDA or SDA was higher than MMN and brown color was dominant than yellow color. The production of exudates from mycelial colony was higher on PDA than MMN. Brown exudates were mainly produced by many strains on PDA or SDA, whereas transparent exudates were mainly produced by strains on MMN. We observed the mycelial colonies with a single or multiple textures in just one culture plate. Wrinkled or uneven colony surfaces were remarkably observed in many strains on PDA or SDA, while an even colony surface was observed in many strains on MMN. Sixty percent of Tricholomaceae strains formed wrinkled surface on PDA. However, they did not form any wrinkle on MMN plate. Cottony texture was observed in mycelia colonies of many strains. Velvety texture was often observed in the mycelial colonies on SDA than PDA and accounted for 60% of Suillaceae strains on SDA.