• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.34 no.1 s.102
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2004

The midpalatal suture area has some advantages for supporting miniscrews : it has no specific anatomical structure, it is composed of thick cortical bone, and covered with attached gingiva. So it is suitable area for inserting miniscrews. However, the midpalatal suture area appears thinner when seen in ceph. As a result, Clinicians can misunderstand that inserting miniscrews cause the problem, both the risk of perforation and the decrease of stability. The purpose of this article is measuring the vertical bone thickness of the midpalatal suture area for inserting miniscrews. The total of 25patient (male : 13, female : 12), who are in their twenties, were taken CT. The vertical bone thickness of the midpalatal suture area was measures from the transverse section of CT. As a result, We reached a conclusion from the differences of each area. It is as follows: 1. There is no significant difference between the thickness of male group and that of female group. 2. In coronal section, Bone thickness becomes thinner from the midpalatal suture to Left & Right side, in sagittal section, Bone thickness becomes thinner from incisive foramen to PNS. 3. The area that is within 3mm of left and right from the midpalatal suture area transversely and within 25mm backward from the incisive foramen sagittaly is enough for inserting miniscrews.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 2017

The present article discusses the response characteristics of smoke detector chamber due to dust and wind velocity. Although situations have improved in terms of early sensing of fires as the smoke detectors are applied indoors, studies tend to place insufficient focus on the side effects and malfunction that can be caused by diversified life dust produced indoors and environmental requirements, etc. Therefore, in the present study, 4 types of photoelectric smoke detectors with different forms and structures of smoke chamber were selected as the experimental objects, and dust test was conducted with fly ash, talcum powder and fiber dust as experiment samples to study indoor applicability of the smoke detectors in terms of their response to diversified dust and wind velocity. Also, to observe response characteristics due to pollution level inside the smoke chamber, wind velocity for dust test were set additionally at 0.25 m/s, 0.5 m/s, and 1.0 m/s. Based to the experimental results, fly ash, talcum powder, and fiber dust (black hair powder) were found to be suitable at the dust test reference wind velocity conditions of 0.25 m/s for both operation test and non-operation test after dust application. On the other hand, under the harsh wind velocity conditions of 0.5 m/s and 1.0 m/s, malfunction of unwanted alarm was observed in non-operation tests in the case of fly ash and talcum powder, and non-operation was confirmed to occur in the case of fiber dust as the alarm failed to operate normally in operation tests.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.15 no.1 s.68
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of dimethyl disulfide by 3 weeks inhalation in F344 rats. The test article, dimethyl disulfide was exposed by inhalation to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 5, 25, or 125 ppm/6 hrs/ day for 3 weeks. Five rats/ sex/ group were sacrificed on day 4 after the initiation of treatment, while 5 rats/ sex/ group were sacrificed at the end of treatment period. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, and gross findings were examined. Slight decreases in body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the highest dose group in a dose dependent manner but were only statistically different from the control animals in males of the group. A slight non-significant reduction in food consumption were also noted in the both sexes of the highest dose group. There were no adverse effects on mortality, clinical signs, hematology, serum biochemistry, and necropsy findings at any dose tested. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 3 weeks repeated dose of dimethyl disulfide by inhalation resulted in suppressed body weight gain and decreased food consumption at 125 ppm of both sexes. In the present experimental conditions, the target organ was not determined in rats. The no­observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 25 ppm/6 hrs/day for both sexes.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.27-54
• /
• 2010

Soon after September 11 attacks in 2001, there were strong demands in Korea on making relevant laws and regulations on aviation security, and Korean parliament legislated "Aviation Safety and Security Act"to fulfill the demands on safety and security of aircrafts during aviation. However, the current Aviation Safety and Security Act seems to have many problems which do not meet the practical needs in Korea, because there were not enough considerations on the practical needs and extinguishable national circumstances on civil aviation system in Korea, but only regarded the relevant international conventions and foreign practices on it. In this context, it is necessary to amend several provisions in Aviation Safety and Security Act to enhance more practical efficiencies in its implementation through systematization of the provisions on crimes which may happen during aviation. In this context, this article argues two main issues. First, Article 39 of Aviation Safety and Security Act does not express whether it is possible to punish the attempt of crime of causing damage to aircraft. Therefore, regarding a principle of legality, it is impossible to punish the perpetrator even when coincidently failed to destruct or damage aircraft. In this context, this article argues that the necessity to introduce the possibility to punish the attempt of crime of causing damage to aircraft. Second, regarding Article 160 of Civil Aviation Act of Korea, current Aviation Safety and Security Act should be amended by guaranteeing the culpability of negligence of crime of causing damage to aircraft.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.107-116
• /
• 2012

This study aims to investigate what degree do the hospital buildings carry out their role in regional scenery. To carry out this study the existing theoretical and field survey was conducted to the 44 private hospitals in small and medium-sized cities - Jeonju city, Kunsan city and Iksan city in Jeonlabukdo district. The contents of the survey are the general aspect of the polled, the image of the buildings, that of medical treatment parts, the relations to the regional scenery. And they are questionnaire surveyed to the 44 private hospital buildings. In questionnaire survey, the 35 professional architects who major architecture and related design and 118 citizens who doesn't major architecture are participated. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Those surveyed who answered those private hospital buildings which have their functional images are barely 20%. Some of 27% answered they have images of the commercial building. Especially in professional architects, 5% of them answered thet have their hospital images. It showed that they don't have their identity in the architectural expression in the processof architectural design. 2. The architectural facade elements that express their images in surveyed buildings are answered that architectural building form is 62%, architectural color is 27% and architectural material is 10% in turn. And the architectural elements that express their images in surveyed buildings are answered that building wall is 56%, architectural decoration is 32%. In this article, the reason why the ratio of the architectural decoration is high is that they don' have their identity in building itself. And they expressed their identity by their decoration, sign system not their buildings. 3. As the preference level for their images, some of the 49% of the total surveyed answered common. The general surveyed answered a little preference. But the architect professional group answered preference is 14%, not preference is 29%. The reason of this article is that the general surveyed are familiar with their buildings. So the questionnaire of the harmony with the surrounding scenery, 25% of the general surveyed answered that they are in harmony with surrounding but 22% of them answered that they are not in them. But In professional group, they answered 6% oh them are positive 37% of them are negative. This results suggests that the identity of the private hospital buildings are established in the process of archiectural design.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.24
• /
• pp.25-49
• /
• 2004

English contract law has traditionally taken the view that it is not the duty of the parties to a contract to give information voluntarily to each other. In English law, one of the principal distinctions between insurance contract law and general contract law is the existence of the duty of disclosure in insurance law. This article is, therefore, designed to analyse the scope or extent of the duty of disclosure and the remedy for breach of the duty in English marine insurance law. The main purpose of this article is also to seek the alternative remedy for the breach. The results of analysis are as following : First, the scope of the duty of disclosure is closely related to the test of materiality and the concept of a hypothetical prudent insurer. The assured is required to disclose only material circumstances subject to MIA 1906, s. 18(1). The test of materiality, which had caused a great deal of debate in English courts over 30 years, was finally settled by the House of Lords in Pan Atlantic and the House of Lords rejected the 'decisive influence' test and the 'increased risk' test, and the decision of the House of Lords is thought to accept the 'mere influence' test in subsequent case by the Court of Appeal. Secondly, an actual insurer is, in order to avoid contract, required to provide proof that he is induced to enter into the contract by reason of the non-disclosure of the assured. But this subjective test of actual inducement is somewhat meaningless in sense that English court takes the test of materiality as a starting point and assumes the presumption of inducement even in case of no clear proof on the inducement. Finally, MIA 1906, s. 18 provides expressly for the remedy of avoidance of the contract for breach of the duty of disclosure. This means rescission or retrospective avoidance of the entire contract, and the remedy is based upon a fairly crude 'all-or-nothing' approach. The remedy of rescission is too draconian from the point of view of the assured, because he can be deprived of all cover despite he is innocent perfectly. An inadvertent breach from an innocent mistake is as fatal as wilful concealment. What is, therefore, needed in English marine insurance law with respect to remedy for the breach is to introduce a more sophisticated or proportionate remedy ascertaining degrees of fault.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.406-430
• /
• 2007

Most pharmaceutical licensing deals are made in the early stage of drug development. While this development process is not unique for complicated technology, a special feature of drug development is that it is highly regulated and a well-defined process. Its statistics in terms of costs and chances of technical success have been researched extensively. This enables relatively detailed calculations as benchmarks for actual deals to be made. Based on such calculations and on the analysis of licensing terms in published agreements, various companies offer quite expensive information, databases, software programs and consultation services to help establish what might be reasonable economic terms in a licensing deal. Over the years, pharmaceutical royalties have been the subject of various articles in journals. Most specific on this subject was the article on determining pharmaceutical royalties. Many other articles are about a more general nature deal with determining reasonable royalty rates, evaluating and underpinning the empirical value and usefulness of the 25% rule. The object of this article is to provide a relatively simple analytical approach based on the major economic terms underlying pharmaceutical licensing deals. The aim is to enhance the understanding of the relations between the major factors involved. Details are disregarded, as generally, where the terms of licensing deals depend on predictions over a considerable length of time, the value of detail is limited. Some specific issues addressed by the approach are the impact on profits of large investments, high risks and long development times characteristic of drug development, the consequent strong impact that the ultimate sales levels and operating margins may have on what might be considered a reasonable royalty rate, and the relationship between upfront payments and milestone payments to be paid during pharmaceutical development and the royalties due once the drug enters the market.

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.69-80
• /
• 2020

A Rayleigh Lidar used for wind detection works by transmitting laser pulses to the atmosphere and receiving backscattering signals from molecules. Because of the weak backscattering signals, a lidar usually uses a high sensitivity photomultiplier as detector and photon counting technology for signal collection. The capturing of returned extremely weak backscattering signals requires the lidar to work on dark background with a long time accumulation to get high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Because of the strong solar background during the day, the SNR of lidar during daytime is much lower than that during nighttime, the altitude and accuracy of detection are also restricted greatly. Therefore this article describes an ultra-narrow bandwidth filter (UNBF) that has been developed on 354.7 nm wavelength of laser. The UNBF is used for suppressing the strong solar background that degrades the performance of Rayleigh wind lidar during daytime. The optical structure of UNBF consists of an interference filter (IF), a low resolution Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and a high resolution FPI. The parameters of each optical component of the UNBF are presented in this article. The transmission curve of the aligned UNBF is measured with a tunable laser. Contrasting the result of with-UNBF and with-IF shows that the solar background received by a Licel transient recorder decreases by 50~100 times and that the SNR with-UNBF was improved by 3 times in the altitude range (35 km to 40 km) compared to with-IF at 10:26 to 10:38 on August 29, 2018. By the SNR comparison at four different times of one day, the ratio-values are larger than 1 over the altitude range (25~50 km) in general, the results illustrate that the SNR with-UNBF is better than that with-IF for Rayleigh Lidar during daytime and they demonstrate the effective improvements of solar background restriction of UNBF.

• Korean Medical Education Review
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2011

Modern medicine has early experienced the absence of mimesis and has been trying to replace the absence with objective grounds and experimental data. However, as medicine became science, the crisis of medicine spread more widely. Microscopic powers and violences are invisible, but individuals are powerless and vainly unable to resist. The anguish or introspection about the situation is sometimes described in stories such as An Engagement by Lee Eung Jun. An Engagement is mentioned in this article due to the writer's attitude, which shows his introspection and desire for harmony through the wounds of each trivial character. The writer is unceasingly talking about suffering people in his story and his seriousness enables readers to find his stronger sympathy over life and death than in any other medical stories. In fact, it is impossible for readers to comprehend the confusing propositions which the writer pours out, and even uncomfortable to read the story. Nevertheless, the propositions are always in contact with reality. Perhaps it is not the writer's confusing propositions that make us uncomfortable. It might be ourselves who are always alienated and starved. We can say that the characters' pains and wounds are phantom pains caused by the absence of mimesis. Since there is no affected area, their pains cannot be measured by only scientific medicine. However, the current medical profession regards objective research evidences as absolute truth and allows them to be the sole criterion. Although scientific skills such as DNA analysis and MRI scan can be the substitutes for doctors' judgment, so much of medicine is still interpersonal relationships. An Engagement. As a person promises to marry another, as all beings together in the world promise to subordinate to one another, every subject is consistently a valuable part of each other for the writer's eyes. He is aware that it is originally impossible to get engaged to the world, but he does not give up the possibility of genuine communication. In today's post-modernism society, where a large number of pathological views define the members and the world itself, endless questioning of existence and digging into pathology will be the only way to reduce the gap between individuals and their world. This article does not say that a literary work will lead the change of medical paradigm. It sprang from a desire for medical humanities to gain more interest of the medical field, where the encounter between literature and medicine is still unfamiliar, and to make medical education recognize the importance of humanities. Starting with this work, I believe that the humanities will help us to find the solution to the age of absence of mimesis and to the crisis of medicine.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.55-95
• /
• 2010

The meaning and application of 'lesion corporelle' in the context of a variety of mental or psychic injuries is less clear, while there is very little disagreement about its literal translation. U.S. Court decisions since Floyd allow recovery for a range of claims involving emotional injury under Article 17; in some cases there is no recovery, while in others there is full recovery, depending on the allegations and the nexus between the alleged injury and any related or accompanying physical injury. Courts are in agreement that pure emotional injury is not compensable under the Convention. Most courts agree that emotional injury is not compensable in those cases where it has resulted only in physical manifestations such as weight loss or sleeplessness. At the same time, most courts generally agree that emotional injury is compensable if it proximately flows from a physical injury. The issue as to whether the courts would associate PTSD with bodily injury as envisioned in the present Warsaw structure or even the new regime reflected in the Convention proposed by ICAO would largely depend on the extent to which courts would be ready to embrace the compelling scientific findings with regard to mental distress and its application within the term 'bodily injury'. Taken together, these points when the current under Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention, 'physical injury' notion of 'mental injury' is to be extended. Of course, the current terms of the Warsaw Convention have been maintaining a precedent for many countries appear to have a statue of the original purpose of the treaty does not contribute to the diffusion. Therefore, in future treaties 'bodily injury', the term 'injury', the term 'personal injury' or 'health undermined' the term should be replaced or revised.