• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.19-37
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• 2013

From the perspective of labor welfare, forty-hour-a-week working system:(FWS) has been an important goal throughout world, and in fact, advanced countries implemented this a long time ago. However, there are differences in opinions concerning FWS; some people emphasizes the improvement in life quality, while others point out that this measure increases the cost of wages and has limited effectiveness. Thus, discussions about the success of FWS have emerged from diverse perspectives; One thing that should be made clear before debating FWS is that reducing laborers' working hours is already a global trend, and Korea, also intends to extend it. Therefore, in order to maximize the benefits resulting from the execution of the system and to identify measures that can be used to solve the problems related to FWS, it is necessary to consider actual laborers' use of leisure resources and whether they have increased or decreased as a result of FWS. It is also necessary to look at the differences in workers' leisure activity with and without the system. To evaluate and diagnose FWS's political effect from the perspective of laborers' leisure satisfaction and improvements in life quality, this study examines differences in leisure expenses, leisure hours, use of and demand for leisure resources such as leisure space, and types of leisure activity, according to the execution of FWS, This research is based on the "2012 Survey on National Leisure Activity" conducted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. In addition, through analysis of the differences in leisure satisfaction and happiness levels, the study intends to confirm the necessity of executing FWS and ensuring that the system is in use. The study results can be briefly summed up as followa:: First, regarding the general findings of the study, a significant result was shown in terms of the execution of FWS according to income level. The finding that the execution of FWS works differently according to the working environment or life quality reassures us of the common notion in society that working environment or life quality may differ in relation to social characteristics. The utility of weekday leisure hours did not indicate a statistically significant difference, but in terms of weekend leisure hours, laborers practicing FWS had an additional 30 minutes of leisure time than those who did not. Furthermore, regarding leisure expenses, laborers practicing FWS indicated more monthly average leisure expenses or expected leisure expenses. In relation to leisure activity, those working at a company executing FWS engaged in culture and art activities more frequently than those working at the companies that did not. On the other hand, those working at companies without FWS indicated more hobbies, amusement activities, rest, and other activities than those working at the companies with FWS. In terms of vacation experience, those working at companies with FWS had more vacation time than those working at companies without it; on average, they had longer vacations by 1.64 days. Regarding their leisure life satisfaction and happiness level, those working at companies with FWS indicated higher satisfaction and greater happiness than those working at companies without it. The findings mentioned above represent the preliminary results of this paper, and the remainder of the research will provide more detailed analysis results and suggestions corresponding to them.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

In former times the protection of our environment didn't play an important role due to the fact that emissions and effluents were not considered as serious impacts. However, opinions and scientific measurements meanwhile confirmed that the impacts are more serious than expected. Thus measures to protect our earth has to be taken into consideration. A part of these measures in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). One of the most important parts of the EIA is the collection of basic datas and the following evaluation. Experience out of the daily business of Gerling Consulting Group shows that the content of the EIA has to be revised and enlarged in certain fields. The historical development demonstrated that in areas in which the population and the industrial activities reached high concentration there is a high necessity to develop strict environmental laws and regulations. Maximum values of the concentration of hazardous materials were fixed concerning the emission into and water. Companies not following these regulations were punished. The total amount of environmental offences increased rapidly during the last decade, at least in Germany. During this development the public consciousness concerning environmental affairs increased as well in the industrialized countries. But it could clearly be seen that the development in the field of environmental protection went into the wrong direction. The technologies to protect the environment became more and more sophisticated and terms as: "state of the art" guided more and more to lower emissions, Filtertechnologies and wastewater treatment for example reached a high technical level-but all these sophisticated technologies has one and the same characteristic: they were end-of-the pipe solutions. A second effect was that this kind of environmental protection costs a lot of money. High investments are necessary to reduce the dust emission by another ppm! Could this be the correct way? In Germany the discussion started that the environmental laws reduce the attractivity to invest or to enlarge existing investments within the country. Other countries seem to be not so strict with controlling the environmental laws which means it's simply cheaper to produce in Portugal or Greece. Everybody however knows that this is not the correct way and does not solve the environmental problems. Meanwhile the general picture changes a little bit and we think it changes into the correct direction "End-of-the-pipe" solutions are still necessary but this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word especially in connection with environmental management and safety. Modern actual environmental management starts in a different way. Thoughts about emissions start in the very beginning of the production, they start with the design of the product and modification of traditional modes of production. Basis of these ideas are detailed analyses of products and processes. Due to the above mentioned facts that the public environmental consciousness changed dramatically a continous environmental improvement of each single production plant has to be guarantied. This question is already an important question of the EIA. But it was never really checked in a wholistic approach. Environmental risks have to be taken into considerations during the execution of an EIA. This means that the environmental risks have to be reduced down to a capable risk-level. Environmental risks have to be considered within the phase of planning, during the operation of a plant and after shut down. The experience shows that most of the environmental relevant accidents were and caused by human fault. Even in highly protected plants the human risk-factor can not be excluded during evaluation of the risk-potential. Thus the approach of an EIA has to regard technical evaluations as well as organizational thoughts and the human factor. An environmental risk is a threat to the environment. An analysis of the risk concerning the organizational and human aspect however never was properly executed during an EIA. A possible solution could be to use an instrument as the actual EMAS (Environmental Management System) of the EC for more accurate evaluation of the impact to the environment during an EIA. Organizations or investors could demonstrate by an approved EMAS or even by showing their installment of EMAS that not only the technical level of the planned investment meets the requested standards but as well the actual or planned management is able to reduce the environmental impact down to a bearable level.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2017

본 연구는 지역아동센터에서 운영하는 예체능교육의 현황을 살펴보고 만족도를 조사하여 향후 예체능교육이 보다 내실화되는데 필요한 기초자료를 제시하고자 한다. 연구대상은 경기도의 17개 지역아동센터이며, 2014년부터 2016년까지 운영된 예체능교육 현황을 조사하였다. 아울러 예체능교육을 받은 아동 419명에게 만족도 조사를 하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 2014년부터 2016년까지 예체능교육 현황을 살펴보면, 3년동안 예체능교육을 전혀 운영하지 않은 지역아동센터는 17개 기관 중 3개 기관이고, 3년 동안 지속적으로 예체능교육을 실시한 지역아동센터는 17개 기관 중 6개 기관이다. 2년동안 예체능교육을 실시한 기관은 17개 기관 중 2개 기관이였으며, 3년동안 한해라도 예체능교육을 지속한 기관은 17개 기관 중 6개 기관이였다. 예체능교육 진행교사의 전공 일치도를 살펴보면, 17개 기관의 미술, 음악교육은 모두 교양과정으로 자격을 이수한 비전공 경력자였다. 그러나 체육교육에서는 체육을 전공한 대학생들이 교육을 실시하였다. 예체능교육에 대한 서비스만족도를 살펴본 결과 예체능교육은 아동의 전반적인 생활에 많은 도움이 되었으며, 성별로 보면 여학생에 비해 남학생이 예체능교육에 대한 도움이 컸다고 했다. 예체능교육에 대한 만족도는 교육 참여학생 대부분 만족도가 높았으며, 특히 남학생의 만족도가 여학생보다 높았다. 추후 예체능교육에 대한 재참여 희망도를 살펴본 결과, 응답학생 대부분 참석하겠다라는 응답을 하였으며 여학생보다 남학생의 경우 재참여 희망도가 더 높았다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 몇 가지 제안을 하고자 한다. 지역아동센터 이용 아동의 창의력 향상과 인성교육을 함양하기 위해 질 높은 예체능교육은 더 많이 필요 하다고 하겠다. 친구들과의 원활한 의사소통을 배우는데 예체능교육이 활용될수 있다. 또한 아동들의 신체적 건강성과 정서적 안정감을 주는 창의적인 예체능교육이 되기 위해서는 목적에 맞는 목표를 설정하여 교육을 보완하는 것이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 동굴
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• 제95호
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• pp.35-49
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• 2009

태곳적부터 동굴은 인간의 주거 공간뿐만 아니라 문화공간으로까지 활용되어 왔다. 즉 동굴 내부의 어떤 장소에서 소리를 낼 경우 거기서 나오는 소리는 특별히 확대되어 거대한 메가폰처럼 작동하여 들려온다. 이른바 공명현상이다. 이럴 때 동굴 전체는 하나의 거대한 관악기의 기능을 수행하는 것처럼 보이기도 한다. 특히 알타미라 동굴처럼 벽화가 발견 되는 동굴의 경우, 대개가 벽화가 발견되는 지점이 광장과 같은 넓은 공간이란 점과 종종 매머드 뼈로 된 피리나 북 등이 동시에 발견되는 것에 주목할 필요가 있다. 결국 그곳 동굴 속에서 선사인들이 주술의식과 더불어 예술 활동을 펼쳐왔음을 미루어 짐작할 수 있다. 한편 한국 전통예술 가운데 대표적 성악장르의 하나인 판소리의 경우 그 노래를 부르는 가창자의 창법수련 장소로 동굴의 활용된 예도 있다. 이른바 토굴독공(土窟獨功)이라 불리는 것이 바로 그러한데, 이는 폭포독공(瀑布獨功)과 더불어 명창이 되기 위한 창법수련자가 마지막으로 수행하는 과정으로서 흡사 철기류 제작의 마지막 담금질과 같은 공정(工程) 과정이기도 하다. 이는 이미 한국의 전통예술가들이 오래 전부터 자연 속에서 자연과 부합하는 소리감각을 터득하기 위한 선례이기도 하다. 이런 점에 주목하여 필자는 대학에서 학생들에게 성악수업 지도를 맡으며 늘 이런 생각을 지니게 되었다. 즉 "자연스런 소리내기는 동굴과 같은 자연 공간속에서 자연스럽게 체득된다!" 그래서 지난 1992년 1월, 필자는 제자들과 함께 동굴소리연구회란 일종의 동호인 모임을 결성하여 특히 방학 때와 같은 휴가철을 이용해 제주 전역의 동굴을 답사하며 동굴 탐사와 더불어 소리 탐구를 실험적으로 시도해 왔다. 그 후 5년 뒤인 1997년 9월, 마침내 우도의 해식동굴인 고래콧구멍 동굴(東岸鯨窟)에서 국내에서 첫 동굴음악회를 개최했다. 그 후 매년 한 차례 씩 동굴음악회를 개최해 왔다. 올해, 2009년까지 총 14회 째의 동굴음악회를 개최한 기록 가운데, 강원도 석회암동굴에서 2회, 용암 동굴인 만장굴에서 2회, 우도의 해식동굴 고래콧구멍에서 총 10회의 기록이 그것이다. 아울러 1999년 5월 협재동굴에서 필자는 동굴음악CD제작을 위해 녹음작업을 특별히 펼치기도 했다. 이 글은 필자가 그동안 동굴을 음악회장으로 이용한 경험을 바탕을 주요 소재로 활용하여 구성하였다. 앞으로 제주에서 해마다 개최되는 동굴음악회는 제주를 찾는 관광객들에게 매우 독특한 체험이벤트로서 제주의 우수한 자연공간과 또한 동굴만이 지닌 우수한 자연음향의 효과를 만끽할 수 있는 기회를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.