• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3183-3188
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• 2015

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of skin lesions, which is a health effect of chronic arsenic (As) exposure, and determine the hair/blood arsenic concentrations of people living in Kutahya villages who are using and drinking tap water with a high concentration of arsenic. Materials and Methods: A total of 303 people were included in the present cross-sectional study. A prepared questionnaire form was used to collect the participants' information and environmental history. Skin examination was performed on all participants. Hair, blood and water samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The cumulative arsenic index (CAI) was calculated for all participants. Results: Villages were divided into two groups according to the arsenic level (<$20{\mu}g/L$, Group I; >$20{\mu}g/L$, Group II) in their water. The prevalence of skin lesions, hair and blood arsenic level, and CAI were found to be higher in the Group II participants. There was a positive association between body arsenic levels and CAI in the participants of each group. Conclusions: The number of skin lesions and arsenic concentrations in body samples were found to increase with the water arsenic level and exposure time. We hope that sharing this study's results with local administrators will help accelerate the rehabilitation of water sources in Kutahya.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2022

Despite the beneficial aspect of fish consumption, bioaccumulation of toxic metals such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) can enhance the health risk for the consumers. Arsenic and Hg concentrations were measured in edible tissue and two targeted organs, namely gill and liver of longtail tuna species (Thunnus tonggol) from Terengganu waters, including Kuala Besut, Kuala Terengganu, Dungun and Kemaman. The concentration of As and Hg were analysed by using inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of both elements were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the locations and targeted organs. The hierarchy of As and Hg mean concentrations in muscle samples were Dungun > Kuala Besut > Kemaman > Kuala Terengganu. The mean concentration of As in all samples, including muscle, exceeded the permitted level set by Malaysia Food Act. Estimate Weekly Intake (EWI) was conducted to assess the health risk effect, and 63 kg was used as the average body weight of Malaysian adults. However, the EWI values show that the weekly intake of As and Hg does not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake limit suggested by Food and Agricultural Organization for the United Nations and is considered safe to be consumed.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

본 연구는 비소 함량이 높은 해조류(10-60 mg/kg) 중 무기비소 함량이 높은 톳을 대상으로 총 비소 함량 측정 및 비소종 분리, 분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 PTWI와 비교하여 위해성 평가를 실시하였다. 전국 10곳의 지역에서 총 30종의 시료를 구입하여 ICP-MS로 총 비소 함량을 측정한 결과 건조시료를 기준으로 평균 45.65${\pm}$21.17 mg/kg(생물기준; 3.63${\pm}$2.19 mg/kg)의 함량을 보여 다른 나라의 여러 연구결과와 비교해 볼 때 상대적으로 낮게 확인되었다. HPLC-ICP-MS를 이용하여 분리, 분석된 톳의 주요 비소화학종은 상대적으로 독성이 강한 무기비소로 평균함량이 As(V) 40.36 mg/kg, As(III) 0.37 mg/kg으로 전체 비소함량의 88.6%를 차지하였다. 그러나 무기비소함량이 가장 높게 확인된 시료(생물기준; 9.19 mg/kg)를 대상으로 톳의 위해성을 JECFA의 PTWI와 비교해 볼 때 6.1%로 낮은 수준이었다. 따라서 연 평균 0.1 g의 톳을 섭취하는 한국인에게서는 14.0 g/day(98.3g/week) 이상의 톳을 지속적으로 먹지 않는 이상 톳의 섭취에 따른 위해 가능성은 미비하여 안전한 수준으로 판단된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2013

Arsenic (As) is a well-known human carcinogen and its dietary exposure has been found to be the major route of entry into general population. This study was performed to assess the body levels of As and their associated factors in Korean adults by analyzing total As in urine. Urine and blood samples were collected from 580 adults aged 20 years and older, who had not been exposed to As occupationally. Demographic information was collected with the help of a standard questionnaire, including age, smoking, alcohol intake, job profiles, and diet consumed in the last 24 hrs of the study. Total As, sum of As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), in urine was determined using atomic absorption spectrometer involving hydride generation method. The geometric mean concentration of total As in urine was $7.10{\mu}g/L$. Urine As was significantly higher in men ($7.63{\mu}g/L$) than in women ($6.75{\mu}g/L$). Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and job profiles of study subjects did not significantly affect the concentration of As in urine. No significant relationship was observed between body mass index (BMI), Fe, and total cholesterol in serum and urinary As. Urine As level was positively correlated with seaweeds, fishes & shellfishes, and grain intake. A negative correlation between urinary As level and HDL-cholesterol in serum and meat intake was observed. Overall, these results suggest that urinary As concentration could be affected by seafood consumption. Therefore, people who frequently consume seafood and grain need to be monitored for chronic dietary As exposure.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2007

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the present status of several environmental problems caused by emerging toxic substances such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and arsenic in various environmental media in Vietnam. Monitoring data reported during the 1990s demonstrated elevated contamination of DDTs in most of these compartments in Vietnam. Studies in frame of the Asia-Pacific Mussel Watch Program revealed that fish, mussels and resident birds from Vietnam contained higher concentrations of DDTs as compared to other countries in region, suggesting the role of Vietnamese environment as a significant emission source of DDT in the Southeast Asian region. The estimated dietary intakes of PCBs and DDTs for Vietnamese were relatively high among Asian developing countries, suggesting potential risk for humans posed by thesechemicals. Widespread contamination of some endocrine active compounds such as alkylphenols and phthalates was observed at various sites along the coasts of northern and middle Vietnam. The presence of significant source of bisphenol-A along Red River estuary was revealed with the concentrations comparable to those reported for developed nations. A case study on seasonal variation of alkylphenols and phthalates in surface water of river delta and estuary of north and middle Vietnam indicated the differences in distribution of these compounds between dry and rainy seasons. Higher concentrations of alkylphenols and phthalates were found in dry season in estuary; while the contrasting pattern was observed in the river delta, showing elevated residues in rainy season. This result suggests the different behavior of alkylphenols and phthalates in river delta and coastal environment. From ecotoxicological perspectives, concentrations of bis-phenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalates [DEHP] in surface water from some locations in Vietnam exceeded the guideline values for Ecotoxicological Effects and the Environmental Risk Limit, respectively, suggesting potential for toxic implications on aquatic wildlife. Widespread and elevated arsenic contamination was discovered inour recent surveys in groundwater in a large area of suburban areas of Hanoi city, the capital of Vietnam. The most recent investigation in 4 villages showed about more than 50 % of groundwater samples contained As concentrations exceeding 50 g/L (the WHO and Vietnamese standard). In particular, in Son Dong villages, 58 % of samples analyzed contained As concentrations higher than 200 g/L. Good correlations were found in As concentrations in water and hair and urine of peoples in corresponding families, suggesting the chronic exposure to As by people living in As-contaminated ground water areas. In Son Dong village, As levels in hair (mean: 1.7 mg/kg dry wt) and urine (g/g creatinine) exceeding the reference values recommended by WHO, suggesting potential for human risk posed by long term accumulation of As in human body. Future studies should be focused on the time trends of POPs and EDCs in biota in Vietnam in order to predict future trend of contamination and to reveal new clues for understanding possible toxic impacts on aquatic organisms. The issues of arsenic contamination in groundwater and their chronic toxic implications on human health should be systematically investigated in the future.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2008

벼 재배 농업인들에게 기술지원을 하고, 소비자들에게 우리 쌀의 안전성을 널리 알리고자, '05-'07년 "탑라이스 생산단지" 및 인근 관행재배 지역에서 토양 및 쌀 시료를 채취하여 중금속을 분석한 결과 다음과 같았다. 탑라이스 생산단지 및 인근 관행재배 논토양 중 비소(As) 함량은 1.33 mg/kg으로 토양환경보전법상 우려기준(4 mg/kg)과 대책기준(10 mg/kg)의 1/5-1/11 이하로 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 백미 중 비소(As) 함량은 중국의 잔류허용기준 0.15 mg/kg의 1/4 이하로 매우 안전하였다. 논토양 중 카드뮴(Cd) 함량은 0.06 mg/kg으로 우려기준(1.5 mg/kg)과 대책기준(4 mg/kg)의 1/25-1/67 이하로 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 백미 중 카드뮴(Cd) 함량은 우리나라 잔류허용기준 0.2 mg/kg의 1/5 이하로 매우 안전하였다. 논토양 중 구리(Cu) 함량은 4.57 mg/kg으로 우려기준(50 mg/kg)과 대책기준(125 mg/kg)의 1/11-1/27 이하로 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 백미 중 구리(Cd) 함량은 우리나라 먹는물 기준 1 mg/kg의 1/4 이하로 매우 안전하였다. 논토양 중 납(Pb) 함량은 4.68 mg/kg으로 우려기준(100 mg/kg)과 대책기준(300 mg/kg)의 1/21-1/64 이하로 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 백미 중 납(Pb) 함량은 우리나라 잔류허용기준 0.2 mg/kg의 1/9 이하로 매우 안전하였다. 논토양 중 수은(Hg) 함량은 0.03 mg/kg으로 우려기준(4 mg/kg)과 대책기준(10 mg/kg)의 1/131-1/328 이하로 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 백미 중 수은(Hg) 함량은 평균 0.0022 mg/kg으로 나타났고, 중국 0.02 mg/kg 및 대만 0.05 mg/kg의 1/9-1/23 이하로 매우 적었다. 탑라이스의 중금속 함량과 2005년 국민건강영양조사 제3기 결과보고서의 일일 식품 섭취량 자료를 토대로 우리나라 국민의 중금속 섭취량을 PTWI와 비교하여 안전성을 평가한 결과, 탑라이스(백미) 섭취를 통한 우리나라 국민의 중금속의 주간 섭취량은 체중 kg당 $As\;0.892{\mu}g,\;Cd\;1.035{\mu}g,\;Cu\;6.712{\mu}g,\;Pb\;1.161{\mu}g$, 그리고 Hg 0.054 ${\mu}g$으로 이는 각각 중금속의 PTWI의 약 As 5.9%, Cd 14.79%, Cu 0.19%, Pb 4.65% 및 Hg 1.07%에 불과하였다. 한편, 현미를 통한 중금속 섭취량은 각 중금속들의 PTWI 대비 1% 이내로 안전하였다. 결론적으로 "탑라이스" 생산단지를 포함한 인근의 관행재배지역 토양은 중금속에 오염되지 않았으며, 여기에서 생산된 우리 쌀은 매우 안전하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 Proceedings of KSEH.Minamata Forum
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Results from previous studies revealed that metal level in the body is related to certain types of diseases. For example. serum copper level with chronic heart failure, iron and transferrin in the blood serum with acute cerebral vascular diseases, Zn in the CNS, lead with neurotoxicity, hypertension, genetic damage, arsenic with cancer skin lesion, Al with neurobehavioral function (cognitive impairment and memory disorder), and etc. The rate of stroke has increased in recent years and several metals were found to be responsible for causing stroke. This study compared several blood metal concentrations between stroke and non-stroke patients. Patients with stroke (116 samples) and non-stroke (111 samples including lowback pain and others) participated in this study. Total of 227 blood samples were collected and participants completed questionnaires regarding age, gender, occupation, residence, alcohol, smoking, and etc. To be qualified into the stroke group, patients have never experienced stroke previously. Subjects only included ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage patients diagnosed by brain CT and brain MRI. Patients with high risk of metal exposure such as herbal intake and job related exposure were excluded. 10ml of blood samples were analyzed by ICP-MS method at the Center of Nature and Science at Sangji University. Metal geometric mean (SD) concentrations in blood of study subjects showed higher values, 2.64-36.12%, than WHO reference values in Mn, Ni, Hg, Se, and As. Metal concentration in blood of stroke patients non-adjusted for potential confounders was higher except for Hg and also higher except for Ni in adjusted for potential confounders. Co was significantly higher in stroke patients (p=0.002) than non-stroke patients adjusted for potential confounders. Regression coefficient values of stroke patients was 0.17-8.25 in each metals. Odd ratio of stroke patients had 0.96 (Ni)-2.68 (Co) compared to non-stroke cases. This result means that Co increase of 1 raises the risk ratio of stroke by 2.86 times. Based on the results, metal concentration in blood seems to affect incidence of stroke.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.306-314
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• 2022

Background: Due to the rapid aging of the South Korean population, neurological diseases such as dementia are increasing. Many studies have reported that the incidence of dementia is associated with environmental factors along with age. Objectives: This study analyzed the association between cognitive function and ten heavy metals in the body: arsenic, aluminum, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, and lead. Methods: From 2018 to 2019, a total of 120 participants who suffered from cognitive impairment were recruited for this study. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Demographic information was obtained through face-to-face questionnaires completed by a trained investigator. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Korean version of the Boston Name Waiting Test. The associations between cognitive function scores and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The average age of the 120 participants was 72.7 years, and 69.2% were female. The mean of the MMSE-K and K-BNT scores were 22.9 and 37.9, respectively. The geometric mean of aluminum (Al) was 8.42 ㎍/L. MMSE-K was associated with iron (Fe), but the significance was removed in the logistic regression based on 24 points. K-BNT was significantly associated with aluminum and the odds ratio for K-BNT above 38 decreased by 45% as the aluminum concentration increased. Conclusions: The association between aluminum and the K-BNT score indicated that aluminum is associated with language-related cognitive decline. Based on this result, further study will be conducted by considering co-exposure effects of heavy metals including aluminum.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제3권
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• pp.43-50
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• 2001

국립중앙박물관은 용산 새 박물관의 전시 유물로 선정된 중앙아시아 벽화의 연차적인 보존처리를 위해 "독립행정법인 일본 동경문화재연구소"와 공동연구를 모색하게 되었다. 2001년에 본4074, 본4096 작은 벽화편 2점의 보존처리를 시작하면서 벽화의 균열 박락 등 손상상태, 구조와 구성재료, 이전 보존처리에서 적용된 재료와 방법에 대한 기초조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과 본4074, 본4096 2점의 벽화는 흙과 지푸라기를 반죽하여 만든 벽체에 석고를 발라 바탕으로 하고 그 위에 채색을 한 것으로 나타났으며 벽체 속에 포함된 지푸라기의 방사선 탄소연대측정 결과 본 벽화는 10세기 말에서 13세기 초에 만들어진 것으로 나타났다. 또한 X-선회절 분석 결과 화면의 흰색 바탕은 gypsum[Ca(SO₄)·2H₂O]과 CaSO₄, Calcite(CaCO₃)가 적색계통은 연단(鉛丹:Pb₃O₄)과 led arsenate[Pb(As₂O₆)], 녹색계통은 Cuprite(Cu₂O)와 arsenolite(As₂O₃), arsenic oxide(As₂O₄) 등이 사용된 것으로 조사되었다.