• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.333-343
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• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 성견 치아에서 ferric sulfate로 치수절단술을 시행하고 상부 이장재의 영향을 최소화한 후에 잔존 치수 조직 반응을 formocresol을 사용한 군과 조직병리학적으로 비교 평가하는 것이다. 생후 $6\sim7$개월, 체중 $10\sim12Kg$ 정도의 성견 5마리의 전치 40개에 5급 와동을 형성하여 치수절단술을 시행하였다. 치수를 formocresol과 ferric sulfate를 이용하여 복조를 시행하고 IRM으로 밀봉하였다. 실험동물은 3일, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주 후에 관류 고정하여 희생되었으며, 표본을 광학현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Ferric sulfate군과 formocresol군 모두에서 치수절단술 후에 염증 반응을 보였지만 ferric sulfate군에서 현저히 감소된 염증 양상과 빠른 치수조직 회복소견을 보였다. 2. Ferric sulfate군에서 치수절단술 후 치수 측벽의 상아모세포의 배열 양상은 초기에는 치관부 1/3에 불규칙한 배열양상을 나타내었지만 2주 후부터는 대체로 회복된 양상을 보였다 그러나 formocresol군에서는 불규칙한 배열양상이 실험기간 동안 지속되었다. 3. 치근을 따라 넓고 길게 형성된 수복상아질층이 formocresol군 8주의 1개 치아에서 나타났으며 상아질교의 형성은 ferric sulfate군 8주의 2개 치아에서 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2013

본 연구는 Cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)를 이용하여 상악 정중치의 크기, 형태, 위치 등의 3차원적 특성을 분석하고 이들이 영구치열에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 시행되었다. 2006년 6월부터 2012년 12월까지 내원하여 CBCT를 촬영한 환자 중 15세 이하의 환자, 191명을 대상으로 하였으며 이 중 정중이개를 보이는 43명을 대상으로 정중치의 크기, 위치와 정중이개량과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 정중치는 남성에서 약 3.9배 많이 발견되었고 7세에서 가장 많이 나타났다. 평균 길이는 13.0 mm, 폭경은 6.8 mm이였으며, 원추형이 59.2%로 가장 많았다. 정중치는 순측보다 구개측에 다수 존재하였고 수직적으로는 영구치의 치관부위에 근접해 있는 경우가 많았다. 정중치의 63.0%가 역위 형태였으며 정중치에 의해 유발된 병발증은 맹출지연이 39.0%, 정중이개 23.6%, 치아회전이 15.9%를 차지하였다. 이 중 정중이개량은 정중치의 크기와 중등도의 상관관계를 보였으며 정중치의 근원심 위치도 정중이개량과 통계적 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구에서 시행한 정중치의 3차원 분석을 통해 정중치의 크기, 위치, 병발증의 발생분포를 파악할 수 있으며, 이 중 정중이개량은 정중치의 크기, 근원심 위치와 상관성이 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1325-1332
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the particle size (PS) of alfalfa hay (AH) and soybean hull (SH) on milk production of dairy cows and the population of major cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Eight lactating Holstein cows, averaging $590{\pm}33\;kg$ BW and $47{\pm}13$ days in milk (DIM), were assigned in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments: alfalfa hay particle size (fine vs. coarse) combined with soy hull (zero or substituted as 50% of AH). The cows were fed diets formulated according to NRC (2001). Physically effective factor (pef) and physically effective fiber (peNDF) contents of diets increased by increasing AH particle size and inclusion of SH in the diets (p<0.01). Dry matter intake was not significantly affected by treatments but intake of peNDF was increased marginally by increasing the PS of AH (p = 0.08) and by SH inclusion (p<0.01) in the diets. Milk production was increased by feeding diets containing SH (p = 0.04), but it was not affected by the dietary PS. Milk fat content was increased by increasing AH particle size (p = 0.03) and decreased by SH substitution for a portion of AH (p<0.01). The numbers of total bacteria and cellulolytic species were not affected by PS of AH or by SH. F. succinogenes was the most abundant species in the rumen followed by R. albus and R. flavefaciens (p<0.01). This study showed that SH cannot replace the physically effective fiber in AH having either coarse or fine particle size. In diets containing SH, increasing of diet PS using coarse AH can maintain milk fat content similar to diets without SH. Particle size and peNDF content of diets did not affect the number of total or fibrolytic bacteria in the rumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2011

The abatement of methane emission from ruminants is an important global issue due to its contribution to greenhouse gas with carbon dioxide. Methane is generated in the rumen by methanogens (archaea) that utilize metabolic hydrogen ($H_2$) to reduce carbon dioxide, and is a significant electron sink in the rumen ecosystem. Therefore, the competition for hydrogen used for methanogenesis with alternative reductions of rumen microbes should be an effective option to reduce rumen methanogenesis. Some methanogens parasitically survive on the surface of ciliate protozoa, so that defaunation or decrease in protozoa number might contribute to abate methanogenesis. The most important issue for mitigation of rumen methanogenesis with manipulators is to secure safety for animals and their products and the environment. In this respect, prophylactic effects of probiotics, prebiotics and miscellaneous compounds to mitigate rumen methanogenesis have been developed instead of antibiotics, ionophores such as monensin, and lasalocid in Japan. Nitrate suppresses rumen methanogenesis by its reducing reaction in the rumen. However, excess intake of nitrate causes intoxication due to nitrite accumulation, which induces methemoglobinemia. The nitrite accumulation is attributed to a relatively higher rate of nitrate reduction to nitrite than nitrite to ammonia via nitroxyl and hydroxylamine. The in vitro and in vivo trials have been conducted to clarify the prophylactic effects of L-cysteine, some strains of lactic acid bacteria and yeast and/or ${\beta}$1-4 galactooligosaccharide on nitrate-nitrite intoxication and methanogenesis. The administration of nitrate with ${\beta}$1-4 galacto-oligosaccharide, Candida kefyr, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis were suggested to possibly control rumen methanogenesis and prevent nitrite formation in the rumen. For prebiotics, nisin which is a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis has been demonstrated to abate rumen methanogenesis in the same manner as monensin. A protein resistant anti-microbe (PRA) has been isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum as a manipulator to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. Recently, hydrogen peroxide was identified as a part of the manipulating effect of PRA on rumen methanogenesis. The suppressing effects of secondary metabolites from plants such as saponin and tannin on rumen methanogenesis have been examined. Especially, yucca schidigera extract, sarsaponin (steroidal glycosides), can suppress rumen methanogenesis thereby improving protein utilization efficiency. The cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), or cashew shell oil, which is a natural resin found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell has been found to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. In an attempt to seek manipulators in the section on methane belching from ruminants, the arrangement of an inventory of mitigation technologies available for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) in the Kyoto mechanism has been advancing to target ruminant livestock in Asian and Pacific regions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1742-1752
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• 2013

A basal diet (0.8 g/kg dNa) was formulated in which each of the two sources ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented in such a way to attain four levels (1.7, 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4 g/kg) of total dNa, respectively, under $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Eight dietary treatments were replicated four times, with 40 birds in each replicate (n = 1,280). The diets supplemented with $Na_2SO_4$ to attain higher levels of dNa showed highest BW gain and feed intake (FI) during d 1 to 10 (interaction effects) while 2.6 g/kg dNa exhibited improved BW gain and gain:feed (FG) during d 11 to 20. Linear rise in daily water intake (DWI) was associated with diets containing increasing dNa during d 1 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.036$). During the first 10 d, DWI:FI was found highest in $NaHCO_3$ diets while $Na_2SO_4$ diets showed highest DWI:FI during last 10 d of the experiment ($p{\leq}0.036$). Increasing dNa and changing $Na_2SO_4$ with $NaHCO_3$ salt increased pH and resulted in poor growth performance. Dressing weight ($p{\leq}0.001$) and abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratic effect) were reduced, whereas breast ($p{\leq}0.001$) and thigh (p<0.001) weights were aggravated with increasing dNa (linear effects). Present findings suggested higher levels of dNa from $Na_2SO_4$ as the supplemental salt in broiler diets would produce better growth performance, especially in first ten days of life, and improve carcass and body organ characteristics.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.1039-1049
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• 2015

대규모 다목적댐 지점의 유입량 산정은 수위-저수용량곡선에 댐 축에서 측정된 수위를 적용하여 시간당 저수량변화를 계산한 후 방류량을 감안하여 산정하고 있으나, 이 방법은 태풍 등 대규모 홍수 시에는 급격한 유입량 증가로 인한 배수위 및 강한 바람 등의 영향으로 저수지내의 수위가 균일하지 않아 유입량 산정 시 오차 원인이 되고 있다. 이 외에 기존 수위-저수용량 곡선 방법에 의한 유입량 계산 시 문제점인 댐건설 이후 유입 퇴사로 인한 저수용량의 변화, 댐 지점에서의 수위관측의 불균일성 등 다양한 불확실성이 존재하므로 이에 대한 오차 규명이 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 저수지 유입량 분석시 분포형 강우유출모형을 이용한 UBC-3P 기법을 적용하여 모형의 모의능력을 평가하였다. 최종적으로 기존 유역내 유입량 관측치와 비교한 결과 Peak유량과 Total유량에서 결정계수가 0.82~0.99 사이값을 나타내므로 댐 지점에서의 모형의 적합성을 확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.853-860
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of chromium (Cr), dietary crude protein (CP) level and potential interactions between these two factors on growth rate and carcass response, insulin activity and lipid metabolism in lambs. Forty-eight, 9-week-old weaned lambs (Dorper$\times$Small-tail Han sheep, mean initial body weight = $22.96kg{\pm}2.60kg$) were used in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 ppb, Cr0; 400 ppb, Cr1; or 800 ppb, Cr2 from chromium yeast) and CP levels (157 g/d to 171 g/d for each animal, LP; or 189 g/d to 209 g/d for each animal, HP). Growth data and blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the feed trial, after which the lambs were killed. Both Cr additive groups and the HP group increased final weight and average daily gain, especially the Cr1 and HP group (p<0.01). HP increased pelvic fat weight (p<0.05), fat thickness of the 10th rib (p<0.05), longissimus muscle area (p<0.01) and rate of deposition of intramuscular fat (p<0.01). Supplemental Cr decreased the rate of deposition of intramuscular fat (p<0.05). Fasting insulin level and the ratio of insulin to glucose were lower with Cr1 than other groups, but with no significant difference. Glucose concentration was not affected by any treatment. Nonesterified fatty acids increased in the Cr1 (p<0.05) and HP (p<0.05) conditions and there was a significant $Cr{\times}CP$ interaction (p<0.05). Cr1 decreased triglycerides (p<0.05) and total cholesterol (p = 0.151) and HP increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Cr1 decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (aLPL, p<0.05) and the ratio of aLPL to lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle (mLPL, p = 0.079). mLPL and hepatic lipase (hHL) were not affected by any treatment. In the present study, Cr had limited effects on growth rate and carcass response, whereas Cr and CP had some notable effects on plasma metabolites and enzyme activities. Cr has a potential effect on energy modulation between lipid and muscle tissue. In addition, few $Cr{\times}CP$ interactions were observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1773-1782
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• 2014

The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of feeding system on meat quality characteristics of Small East African (SEA) goats and their crosses with Norwegian ($SEA{\times}N$) goats finished under small scale farming conditions. Twenty four castrated goats at the age of 18 months with live body weight of $16.7{\pm}0.54kg$ from each breed (SEA and $SEA{\times}N$) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (two breed, and three dietary treatments). The dietary treatments were; no access to concentrate (T0), 66% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T66) and 100% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance with 20% refusal (T100) and the experimental period was for 84 days. In addition, all goats were allowed to graze for 2 hours daily and later fed grass hay on ad libitum basis. Daily feed intakes were recorded for all 84-days of experiment after which the animals were slaughtered. Feed intake of T100 animals was 536 g/d, which was 183 g/d higher than that of T66 group. Supplemented goats had significantly (p<0.05) better feed conversion efficiency. The SEA had higher (p<0.05) hot carcass weight (8.2 vs 7.9 kg), true dressing percentage (54.5 vs 53.3) and commercial dressing percentage (43.3 vs 41.6) compared to $SEA{\times}N$. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) for dressing percentage and carcass conformation among supplemented goats except fatness score, total fat depots and carcass fat which increased (p<0.05) with increasing concentrate levels in the diet. Increasing level of concentrate on offer increased meat dry matter with subsequent increase of fat in the meat. Muscle pH of goats fed concentrate declined rapidly and reached below 6 at 6 h post-mortem but temperature remained at $28^{\circ}C$. Cooking loss and meat tenderness improved (p<0.05) and thawing loss increased (p<0.05) with ageing period. Similarly, meat tenderness improved (p<0.05) with concentrate supplementation. Shear force of muscles varied from 36 to 66, the high values been associated with Semimembranosus and Gluteobiceps muscles. The present study demonstrates that there are differences in meat quality characteristics of meat from SEA goats and their crosses with Norwegian breeds finished under small scale farming conditions in rural areas. Therefore, concentrate supplementation of goats of both breeds improves meat quality attributes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.823-828
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• 2012

본 연구는 중심합성계획법에 따라 쌀가루 기준으로 프락토올리고당(95%)은 0, 3, 6, 9 또는 12% 농도로 첨가하고, 유화제 SSL-90은 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 또는 1.2% 농도로 혼합사용하여 제조한 가래떡을 $5^{\circ}C$ 저장 2시간과 24시간 후 텍스처 변화를 Texture Analyzer에 의해 측정하였고, $5^{\circ}C$ 저장 2시간과 24시간 후 관능적 묘사특성 효과를 분석하였다. 떡의 텍스처 변화에서 제조 2시간과 24시간 후 실험군간 차이가 있었던 특성은 씹힘성, 검성 및 경도였으며, 탄성과 응집성 특성에서는 각 실험군 간의 차이가 없었다. 관능적 묘사특성 효과분석에서는 유화제 SSL-90의 함량이 높을수록 경도가 낮은 반면 프락토올리고당(95%)의 함량이 높을수록 단맛이 증가하는 경향을 보여주었다. 그리고 떡의 텍스처 변화와 관능적 특성 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 기계적 텍스처 변화 중에서 씹힘성, 검성, 부착성 및 경도 등은 관능적 특성 부착성, 경도 및 응집성과 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 프락토올리고당(95%)과 유화제 SSL-90의 혼합사용의 경우 프락토올리고당(95%) 9%와 유화제 SSL-90 0.9% 농도 수준으로 혼합 첨가하면 기계적 텍스처 변화와 관능적 특성의 변화를 보여주어 저장 중 떡의 노화 억제에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.67-83
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• 2006

The present study examined that in Vivo/Vitro test is investigated in normotensive sham-operated rats (NSR) and aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats (ADHR) and that the antihypertensive effect was induced by silver spike point (SSP) electrical stimulation at meridian points(CV-3, -4, Ki-12, SP-6, LR-3, BL-25, -28, -32, -52), specifically, such as aldosterone in 24 hour urine analysis from healthy volunteer. The gross examination and morphometric-histological changes, such as hypertrophy, production of necrotic tissues, and the changes of cell arrangement on the kidney, and adrenal gland were markedly observed in aldosterone-analogue DOCA-salt hypertensive rats compared with those from normotensive sham-operated rats. The systolic blood pressure, weight of kidney and adrenal gland were significantly increased in ADHR than that in NSR. The required time of PSS-induced resting tone was significantly increased in ADHR than that in NSR. However, the voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) currents were significantly decreased in ADHR than that in NSR. The urine analysis showed that the concentration of aldosterone was significantly decreased in resting state from the elderly people compared with those from the adolescent healthy volunteer. The current of 1 Hz continue type of SSP electrical stimulation significantly decreased in the concentration of aldosterone of 24 hour urine from the elderly people. These results suggest that the development of aldosterone analogue-induced hypertension is associated with changed the weight of kidney and adrenal gland, blood pressure, resting tone and Kv currents, which directly affects blood pressure. Therefore, the hypertension is a risk factor on cerebrovascular disease. Moreover, these results suggest that the diminished responsiveness to SSP electrical stimulation, especially current of 1Hz continue type, in elderly people may be, in part, related by the increased of antihypertensive effects.