• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2011

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants derived from incomplete combustion of carbons and crude oil. In this study, we investigated the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a representative PAHs on in vitro sex steroid hormone production and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) using isolated oocytes of longchin goby (Chasmichthys dolichognathus) and chameleon goby (Tridentiger trigonocephalus). Oocytes in diameters of 0.8-0.9 (end vitellogenic stage) and 0.9-1.0 mm (germinal vesicle migratory stage) from longchin goby and 0.5 mm (fully vitellogenic stage) from chameleon goby were used. In GVBD assay, B[a]P at 10 nM stimulated GVBD in the oocytes of 0.8-0.9 mm from longchin goby. B[a]P at 1 nM stimulated GVBD in the oocytes with diameter 0.5 mm from chameleon goby. In steroid production from oocytes of longchin goby, B[a]P at 100 nM decreased testosterone (T) production, B[a]P at 1,000 nM increased estraiol-17 (J (E2) production and 10 and 100 nM increased $17,20{\beta}$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one ($17{\alpha}20{\beta}P$) production in the oocytes with diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. B[a]P at 1,000 nM increased E2 production, 100 and 1,000 nM increased $17{\alpha}20{\beta}P$ production in the oocytes with diameter 0.9-1.0 mm. In steroid production of oocytes from chameleon goby, B[a]P at 1,000 nM increased $E_2$ production. B[a]P at 10 nM increased $17{\alpha}20{\beta}P$ production. In the ratio of $E_2$ to T ($E_2$/T), B[a]P at 100 and 1,000 nM increased $E_2$/T in the oocytes of longchin goby. B[a]P at 100 nM also increased $E_2$/T in the oocytes of chameleon goby. Taken together, these results suggest that B[a]P have not only weak estrogenic effects but progestogenic effects on oocyte maturation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 1998

The white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725, Pleurotus ostreatus ATCC 32783, Lentinus edodes ATCC 24462, and Trametes versicolor ATCC 42530 were studied for their ability to degrade lignin, phenanthrene, and anthracene. Lignin in rice-straw was degraded by 14.4, 28.73, and 33.88% by P. chrysosporium, T. versicolor, and P. ostreatus, respectively. Approximately 12% and 83% of phenanthrene was degraded in 1 and 5 days, respectively, when the pre-grown mycelIium matrix of P. ostreatus. was incubated with 10 ppm of phenanthrene in modified Kirk's medium (nitrogen limited) at $25^{\circ}C$. Approximately 2%> and 61% of phenanthrene was degraded when the phenanthrene concentration was increased to 30 ppm. Similar trends were observed with phenanthrene using P. chrysosporium. Mycelial growth of T. versicolor was less inhibited at 30 ppm phenanthrene than for P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium. Better degradation of phenanthrene by T. versicolor may be attributed to better mycelium growth. One hundred percent of 15 ppm anthracene was degraded in 10 days by both P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor. 40 ppm anthracene inhibited the mycelial growth of P. chrysosporium. lignin peroxidase activity, which was previously reported to be involved in initial phenanthrene oxidation, was also detected from the culture broth of the strains tested. The rates of lignin peroxidase production in the cultures were not consistent with the rate of PAH hydrolysis during incubation.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2010

The use of an activated carbon (AC) system alone has the limitation that the pollutants are not eliminated but only transferred to another phase with the consumed AC becoming hazardous waste itself. Therefore, the present study investigated the feasibility of using a combined system of granular AC (GAC) with S-doped visible-light-induced $TiO_2$ (GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$) to clean monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) with concentrations at $\leq$ 3 mg $m^{-3}$, using a continuous air-flow reactor. This study conducted three different experiments: an adsorption test of pure GAC and GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$; a long-term adsorptional photocatalytic (AP) activity test of GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$; and an AP activity test of GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$ under different conditions. For the AP activity test, three parameters were evaluated: various weights of GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$ (0.9, 4.4, and 8.9 g); various flow rates (FRs) (0.5, 1 and 2 L $min^{-1}$); and various input concentrations (ICs) of the target MAHs (0.1, 1, 2 and 3 mg $m^{-3}$). The adsorption efficiencies were similar for the pure GAC and GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$ reactors, suggesting that S-doped $TiO_2$ particles on GAC surfaces do not significantly interfere with the adsorption capacity of GAC. Benzene exhibited a clear AP activity, whereas no other target MAHs did. In most cases, the AP efficiencies for the target MAHs did not significantly vary with an increase in weight, thereby suggesting that, under the weight range tested in this study, the weights or FRs are not important parameters for AP efficiency. However, ICs did influence the AP efficiencies.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2014

PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: PAHs) is the hydrophobic inorganic material composed of carbon and hydrogen that is easily adsorbed biological organisms in the ocean. Bivalves is the indicator of environment monitoring because of reflect growth, physiological response of bivalve followed their habitat environment. The aim of research is understand the change of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) physiological response under exposed PAHs concentration for control, 1, 10 and $100{\mu}g/L$. We investigated induced immune change response for oyster hemocyte and effect of tissue RNA/DNA ratio for mantle, gill and adductor muscle individually. As a result of experiment change of immune response the oyster hemocyte when exposed PAHs showed that viability and adhesion is no significant difference (ANOVA test, p < 0.05). However phagocytosis decreased under the over $10{\mu}g/L$ of PAHs concentration and ROS increased with the increase of PAHs concentration. The change of RNA/DNA ratio is R/D ratio decreased with the increase of PAH concentration in adductor muscle. However gill and mantle showed no change of R/D ratio with PAHs concentration. The oysters when exposed inorganic pollutant that decreased of physiological condition and damaged protein synthesis of adductor muscle.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 페놀에 적응된 미생물을 순수 분리하여 다고리 방향족 탄화수소(PAH)분해에 이용 하고자 하였으며, PAH분해하는 과정에서 나타나는 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 분리된 미생물은 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia로 동정되었으며, 페놀의 분해경향은 낮은 농도에서 빠른 분해속도 상수값을 가지며, 미생물의 성장률은 0.1447mg cell/mg phenol로 나타났다. 나프탈렌과 페놀의 공존 시 페놀의 분해를 선호하고, 나프탈렌 및 페난스렌을 성장기질로 이용하는 특성을 가지고 있으나, 파이렌과 같이 4개 이상의 고리구조를 가진 PAH의 분해는 이루어지지 않았다. PAH 분해경로는 dioxygenation에 의한 두개의 hydroxy group이 C-1과 C-2에 첨가된 상태에서 ortho cleavage가 일어나고 순차적으로 Decarboxylation이 일어나는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.259-272
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• 2020

Nowadays, two types, Yumhae and Sikhae methods, remained as traditional seafood fermentation methods in Korea. In this study, flavor compounds in two types of salt-fermented fishes made by Yumhae method such as anchovy Engraulidae sp., shrimp Caridea sp., squid Decapodiformes sp., big eyed herring Clupea sp., gizzard shad Dorosoma sp. and hairtail Trichiurus sp., and made by Sikhae method such as Alaska pollack Gadus Chalcogrammus and squid. Volatile compounds detected in all salt-fermented fishes were composed mainly of aldehydes (45), ketones (39), alcohols (45), acids (12), esters (47), N-containing compounds (43), aromatic hydrocarbons (37), S-containing compounds (26), furans (10), and miscellaneous compounds (40) in salt-fermented fishes made by Yumhae method. Meanwhile, alcohols (47), terpenes (38), S-containing compounds (22), carbonyl compounds (19 aldehydes, 18 ketones), esters (13), and acids (14). Aroma-active compounds were identified by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis in salt-fermented anchovy, shrimp and tuna (Thunnini sp.) sauce. Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate (candy/sweet) and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (nutty/baked potato-like) were predominant odorants in salt-fermented anchovy, whereas dimethyl trisulfide (cooked cabbage/soy sauce-like), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (fatty/grainy) in salt-fermented shrimp, and dimethyl trisulfide, 3-methylbutanal (dark chocolate-like), and 3-methylthiopropanal (baked potato-like) in tuna sauce.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.233-243
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• 2018

This study was carried out to characterize the ambient levels of PAH concentrations in Pohang city, where steel industry has been intensively developed. A large amount of PAH emissions from steel production and related industries in Pohang are concerned about the environmental health hazards of nearby residents. TSP samples were seasonally collected during 10 days at four sites in Pohang from April to December 2010. Each sample was collected for 24 hours using high-volume air sampler. All samples were extracted by $soxtec^{TM}$ before concentration of 1.0 mL. The concentrates were analyzed by GC/MS. The prevailing wind direction was southwest and west-southwest in Pohang during the measurement period. Variations of TSP concentrations appeared to be similar between four sites. The highest TSP concentration was found in fall, while the lowest in summer. The highest PAH concentration was found at an industrial site, while the lowest at a residential/commercial site. In the case of BaP, the average concentration at the industrial site was $0.63{\pm}0.66ng/m^3$, which was approximately 2 times of the residential/commercial site. The paired t-test (p<0.05) showed significant differences between industrial and residential area. Particulate PAH concentrations were higher in the winter and lower in the summer. The concentrations of BaP in winter were 2~10 times higher than those in the other three seasons. This study clearly demonstrated the impact of steel industry on the elevated levels of PAH in Pohang city.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회(2)
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• pp.1189-1192
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• 2005

Due to their slow degradation properties, hydrophobic organic contaminants in estuarine sediment have been a concern for risks to human health and aquatic organisms. Studies of fate and transport of these contaminants in estuaries are further complicated by the fact that hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes in these regions are complex, involving processes with various temporal and spatial scales. In order to simulate and quantify long-term attenuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Elizabeth River, VA, we develop a modeling approach, which employs the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality model, WASP, and encompasses key physical and chemical processes that govern long-term fate and transport of PAHs in the river. In this box-model configuration, freshwater inflows mix with ocean saline water and tidally averaged dispersion coefficients are obtained by calibration using measured salinity data. Sediment core field data is used to estimate the net deposition/erosion rate, treating only either the gross resuspension or deposition rate as the calibration parameter. Once calibrated, the model simulates fate and transport PAHs following the loading input to the river in 1967, nearly 4 decades ago. Sediment PAH concentrations are simulated over 1967-2022 and model results for Year 2002 are compared with field data measured at various locations of the river during that year. Sediment concentrations for Year 2012 and 2022 are also projected for various remedial actions. Since all the model parameters are based on empirical field data, model predictions should reflect responses based on the assumptions that have been governing the fate and sediment transport for the past decades.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2005

This is a subsequent study to our previous finding that Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, gained a so-called upper plateau concentration, around 30,000 ng/g dry weight digestive gland for benzo(a)pyrene, showed reproductive behavior but produced their ensuing reproductive outputs damaged. A serial dilution of sediment elutriates from Jinhae Bay, Korea, where pollution was progressive, were exposed to gametes of the Pacific oyster for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min to detail the pollutant effects on very young specimens. There was an apparent critical dilution over which adverse effects are evident. This was $10\%$ of the present sediment elutriate, corresponding to 0.3 ng/g on the basis of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the oyster. Within the dilution the embryonic development was not influenced by the duration of exposure to its gamete stage. At higher dilutions over the critical dilution, occurrence of abnormality increased dependent on the pollutant dilution and the duration of exposure. Similar trends were also found in larval mortality. However, overall, the chemical toxicity was more significant to morphogenesis than to survival, suggesting a potential recruitment of the pollutants-induced abnormal larvae in the wild population to threaten the population integrity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1879-1887
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• 2013

To investigate the level of genotoxicity over Bangkok atmosphere, $PM_{10}$ samples were collected at the Klongchan Housing Authority (KHA), Nonsree High School (NHS), Watsing High School (WHS), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), Chokchai 4 Police Station (CPS), Dindaeng Housing Authority (DHA) and Badindecha High School (BHS). For all monitoring stations, each sample covered a period of 24 hours taken at a normal weekday every month from January-December 2006 forming a database of 84 individual air samples (i.e. $12{\times}7=84$). Atmospheric concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (i.e. phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene) were measured in $PM_{10}$ at seven observatory sites operated by the pollution control department of Thailand (PCD). The mutagenicity of extracts of the samples was compared in Salmonella according to standard Ames test method. The dependence of the effects on sampling time and on sampling location was investigated with the aid of a calculation of mutagenic index (MI). This MI was used to estimate the increase in mutagenicity above background levels (i.e. negative control) at the seven monitoring sites in urban area of Bangkok due to anthropogenic emissions within that area. Applications of the AMES method showed that the average MI of $PM_{10}$ collected at all sampling sites were $1.37{\pm}0.10$ (TA98; +S9), $1.24{\pm}0.08$ (TA98; -S9), $1.45{\pm}0.10$ (TA100; +S9) and $1.30{\pm}0.09$ (TA100; -S9) with relatively less variations. Analytical results reconfirm that the particulate PAH concentrations measured at PCD air quality monitoring stations are moderately low in comparison with previous results observed in other countries. In addition, the concept of incremental lifetime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) was employed to investigate the potential risks of exposure to particulate PAHs in Bangkok atmosphere.