• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.661-677
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop the playground environment model for child care center by analyzing user needs of playground environment. To systemize the playground environment design factors and guidelines, we reviewed the previous research, actual measurement and observation were used as the research methodology. And to recognize the needs of users, the survey and picture survey was conducted to the staffs and children. The scope of survey included child care centers in Seoul and Daejeon, ultimately selecting 12 places in Seoul and 13 places in Daejeon. In terms of the survey period, actual measurement was conducted from June of 2006 to February of 2007, survey and picture survey was conducted from August to September of 2006. For analysis, we used SPSS 10.0 to check the frequency and percentage, as well as to perform cluster analysis. The findings of research can be summarized as below: 1. In playground environment, we observed the area of play ground and ground cover, the independence of play area, play equipment, and the composition of play area. The result of observation showed that while playground area varied widely, ground cover, play equipment, and the composition of play area turned out to be identical, regardless of the playground's area. Therefore, in order to classify various playground environments, we categorized them into 5 types, using the number of children and the area of play ground as a category. Type A had large facilities and small playground area. Type B had small sized facilities and large playground area. Type C had medium sized facilities and small playground area. Type D had medium sized facilities but large playground area. Type E had large sized facilities and large playground area. 2. On the other hand, staffs wanted a tunnel, playhouse, comprehensive play equipment, and a maze to be installed as play facilities, and there were requests for adventure play area and carpenter play area. The picture survey to children showed that they wanted equipments that can provide more thrill, adventure and challenge to them than the ones they see now. Therefore, existing child care center play environments must change from the monotonous and identical environments to the ones that can provide diversities, challenges, and adventures. In the contexts of 5 playground types suggested by this research, type B and D, E where the area of playground were larger than the legally required, should include various play areas and install appropriate play equipments and facilities. Type A and C where the area were small, should provide multipurpose play area to attract the various play behaviors of children.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2009

There are increasing needs about creation and sustainable management of urban forest for environmental conservation and recreational service for citizen. However, it is difficult for local governments to create or manage urban forest in recreational or conservational way. The purpose of this study is to classify the urban forest types by considering its geographical feature, biological and sociological characteristics in order to suggest a guide to local governments about effective creation or management of urban forest. In this study, we extracted common characteristics of the selected five indicators. Factors about urban forest are divided into two groups. Factors were named according to the variables as 'Urban Forest Naturalness', and 'High Accessibility and Disturbed by Human.' In addition, we classified urban forests into four types in this study. The type I of urban forest is a large forest and has high naturalness such as Mt. Bukhan and Mt. Gwanak. The type II is fragmented to large forests by developmental projects. The type III is flat and has high accessibility such as forest behind Seonjeongneung. The type IV is located near residential area such as Mt. Ansan, Mt. Inwang and Mt. Bonghwa. It is possible to set up recreational area for citizens and ecological networks for species by the research of the urban forest type. The results of the study, classification of urban forest types and its application, contribute to provide a guide for local governments to create or manage urban forests effectively.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제38권6_1호
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• pp.1035-1046
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• 2022

이 연구에서는 토지 피복 분류를 위한 다중 해상도 자료 융합의 적용성을 평가하였다. 여기서 다중 해상도 자료 융합 모델로는 spatial time-series geostatistical deconvolution/fusion model (STGDFM)을 적용하였다. 연구 지역은 미국 Iowa 주의 일부 농경 지역으로 선정하였으며, 대상 지역의 규모를 고려해 다중 해상도 자료 융합의 입력 자료로 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 및 Landsat 영상을 사용하였다. 이를 바탕으로 STGDFM 적용해 Landsat 영상이 결측된 시기에서 가상의 Landsat 영상을 생성하였다. 그리고 획득한 Landsat 영상과 함께 STGDFM의 융합 결과를 입력 자료로 사용해 토지 피복 분류를 수행하였다. 특히 다중 해상도 자료 융합의 적용성 평가를 위해 획득한 Landsat 영상만을 이용한 분류 결과와 Landsat 영상 및 융합 결과를 모두 이용한 분류 결과를 비교 평가하였다. 그 결과, Landsat 영상만을 이용한 분류 결과에서는 대상 지역의 주요 토지 피복인 옥수수와 콩 재배지에서 혼재 양상이 두드러지게 나타났다. 또한 건초 및 곡물 지역과 초지 지역 등 식생 피복 간의 혼재 양상도 큰 것으로 나타났다. 반면 Landsat 영상 및 융합 결과를 이용한 분류 결과에서는 옥수수와 콩 재배지의 혼재 양상과 식생 피복 간의 혼재 양상이 크게 완화되었다. 이러한 영향으로 Landsat 영상 및 융합 결과를 이용한 분류 결과에서 분류 정확도가 약 20%p 향상되었다. 이는 STGDFM을 통해 MODIS 영상이 갖는 시계열 분광 정보를 융합 결과에 반영하면서 Landsat 영상의 결측을 보완할 수 있었고, 이러한 시계열 분광 정보가 분류 과정에 결합되면서 오분류를 크게 줄일 수 있었던 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 토지 피복 분류에 다중 해상도 자료 융합이 효과적으로 적용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1701-1715
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• 2016

This study is a basic investigation of the contents and services relevant to the domestic vacation house business. In which, the trade scale, types of housing, and environmental conditions of various property locations were analyzed. The characteristics of properties listed on the Japanese website that conducts the greatest volume of vacation house trade in Japan were examined, and the following results were obtained: Villa areas, villas, and resort condos (resort mansions) are the three basic types of properties handled in the vacation house trade. In this market, sales per unit in villa areas and per spaces in resort condos accounted for the highest volume of trade, followed by that of villas (individual houses). In terms of land area, floor area, and sales price per house type, the relatively cheaper small and medium-sized vacation houses are more frequently traded, than expensive large-scale villas. In particular, small multi-family type villas (such as in resort condos) are the most popular. Land and floor area, and sales prices all show considerable variation depending on the type of property considered. Therefore, a business initiative to provide a more detailed classification of properties is required. In terms of the environment of vacation properties, most are located on coasts, plateaus, or inland mountains, and are generally within three-hours' traveling distance of large cities.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.764-773
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• 2004

산불지역 토양의 침식양상을 구분하기위하여 강원도 강릉시 사천면 일대의 산불지역 토양을 조사하였다. 토양은 유기물의 분포양상 및 토양층의 두께, 토양층 발달의 완전성(성숙도)를 근거로 5개 유형으로 구분하였다. 침식 현상은 토양의 유형에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 나뭇잎, 낙엽층, 뿌리, 재 그 밖의 유기물의 피복이 토양의 색과 영상 이미지 반사에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인이었다. 침식양상의 차이를 보이는 5개 유형의 토양의 Landsat ETM 영상은 토양 유형별로 상이한 반사특성을 보였다. 산불지역 토양의 정규식생지수(NDVI)와 무감독 분류는 토양유형에 따른 Landsat ETM 영상 차이를 잘 반영하기 못하였으나, 최대우도법에 의한 감독분류 기법의 적용시 산불지역에서 침식형태에 따른 토양유형 구분이 가능하였다. 본 연구는 산불지역에서 침식현상을 파악하고 예측하는데 Landsat ETM 영상의 활용이 매우 효과적임을 보여주었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제86권3호
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• pp.365-377
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• 1997

미국 테네시주 컴벌랜드 고원의 대부분은 혼합 침엽수림으로 되어 있어 기존의 성장과 산출 예측 방식을 적용하기 어렵다. 또한 그들의 역사가 알려져 있지 않을 뿐더러 많은 부분이 동령림이 아니기 때문에 성장과 수확 예측 모델을 만드는데 있어서 지위지수를 변수로 사용하는 것이 제한되어 있다. 임지형(landtype)은 거의 같은 수확을 내는 임지를 포함하도록 고안되어 있기 때문에 이런 혼효림에서 지위지수 대산 사용될 수 있다. 임지형을 사용한 식생 결정을 위해, Chi-square로 임지형과 임형(forest type)과의 의존성을 검사하였다. 임지형 사이에서 수확의 유의성은 회귀분석과 분산분석을 이용하여 검사되었다. 흉고단면적성장(basal area growth)은 Moser and Hall(l969)이 개발한 비선형 모델에 적용되었다. 또한 흉고단면적성장과 재적성장은, 임지형과 임지형급(landtype class)에 의한 선형 회귀분석을 통해 최초 총 흉고단면적과 최초 재적에 관한 하나의 함수로서 예측되었다. 분산분석으로 임지형에 따른 흉고단면적성장과 재적성장의 유의성을 검사하였다. 지위급(site class)과 임지형의 유의성은 Chi-square로 검사되었다. 표본 강도가 낮아 검증이 의심스러웠음에도 불구하고, 식생형 (vegetation type)은 연구 지역 내 임지형과 관계된 것으로 보인다. 본 연구에서 임지형 간의 수확은 통계학적인 유의성이 발견되지 않았다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.63-77
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• 2002

Salinization is an important environmental problem encountered in coastal aquifers. In order to evaluate the salinization problem in the western coastal area of Korea, we have performed a regional hydrochemical study on shallow well groundwaters (N=229) collected within 10 km away from the coastline. The concentrations of analyzed solutes are very wide in range, suggesting that the hydrochemistry is controlled by several processes such as water-rock interaction, seawater mixing, and anthropogenic contamination. Based on the graphical interpretation of cumulative frequency curves for some hydrochemical parameters (esp., $Cl^{-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$), the collected water samples were grouped into two major populations (1) a background population whose chemistry is predominantly affected by water-rock interaction, and (2) an anomalous population which records the potential influences by either seawater mixing or anthropogenic pollution. The threshold values obtained are 34.7 mg/l for $Cl^{-}$ and 37.2 mg/l for ${NO_3}^-$, Using these two constituents, groundwaters were further grouped into four water types as follows (the numbers in parenthesis indicate the percentage of each type water) : (1) type 1 waters (38%) that are relatively poor in $Cl^{-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$, which may represent their relatively little contamination due to seawater mixing and anthropogenic pollution; (2) type 2 waters (21%) which are enriched in $Cl^{-}$, Indicating the considerable influence by seawater mixing; (3) ${NO_3}^-$-rich, type 3 waters (11%) which record significant anthropogenic pollution; and (4) type 4 waters (30%) enriched in both $Cl^{-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$, reflecting the effects of both seawater mixing and anthropogenic contamination. The results of the water type classification correspond well with the grouping on a Piper's diagram. On a Br x $10^4$versus Cl molar ratio diagram, most of type 2 waters are also plotted along or near the seawater mixing line. The discriminant analysis of hydrochemical data also shows that the classification of waters into four types are so realistic to adequately reflect the major process(es) proposed for the hydrochemical evolution of each water type. As a tool for evaluating the degree of seawater mixing, we propose a parameter called 'Seawater Mixing Index (S.M.I.)’ which is based on the concentrations of Na, Mg, Cl, and $SO_4$. All the type 1 and 3 waters have the S.M.I. values smaller than one, while type 2 and type 4 waters mostly have the values greater than 1. In the western coastal area of Korea, more than 21% of shallow groundwaters appear to be more or less affected by salinization process.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

본 연구는 전국의 64개 관측지점을 대상으로 $1972{\sim}1995$년의 자료를 해마다 $K{\ddot{o}}ppen$ 구분방법에 적용시켜 기후 특성을 고찰하였다. 우리나라의 기후는 Cfa Cwa Cwb Dfa Dwa Dwb의 연후형 으로 구성되고, Cwa Dwa형의 출현빈도가 전체의 95%를 점한다. Cwa형의 출현은 대부분의 남부 지방 동사면 제주도에서 우세하고, Dwa형은 영서 경기 복동부에서, Cfa형은 울릉도에서 탁월하게 나타난다. 이런 우세지역은 안정된 기후지역을 형성하지만 다양한 기후형이 출현하는 남부 진방의 북부와 중부 지방의 남부는 C와 D형이 상접하는 경계이므로 불안정 기후지역을 이룬다. 또한 Cwa형이 가장 우세했던 1990년대 전반기에는 C D형의 경계선이 중부 내륙 지방에 위치하였고, Dwa형이 가장 탁월했던 1980년대 전반기에는 C D형의 경계선이 남부 지방의 중위에 위치하기도 하여 해에 따라서 연후지역의 범위가 변한다. 주요 연후형의 경년변화에서 Cwa형은 증가경향을 보이지만 Dwa형은 감소추세를 나타낸다. Cwa 연후지역의 확장추세는 1970년대 전반기와 1980년대 후반기 이후 최근까지 남부 지방을 중심으로 계속되고, 1980년대 전반기에 중부지방에서 우세했던 Dwa 연후지역은 최근까지 축소되고 있다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.74-83
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to extract information of lower body type's classification on pre-school children. To this end, 325 younger children living in the capital area and aged from 4 to 6 were sampled to be subject to the measurement of their somatotypes. The results are as follows. 1. The changes in the physical types of pre-school children, as they growing older, show the following tow peculiarities, first, in terms of vertical change, the height grows so rapidly that the proportion of the lower part of the body gets longer. And second, in terms of horizontal change, their growth is more distinctive in the width and the girth than in the thickness, which transforms their body into more or loss a dumpy form. 2. The analysis of the lower body of pre-school children allows us to distinguish two types of group. The first type has a smaller body, short in every part of body, which represents the body of four year-old children. On the contrary, the second type show much bigger body, especially the lower part of the body having a longer proportion, and it represents the body of six year-old children. the physical type and the gender have no relation, which means that we cna fidn both male and female children uniformly in both types.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2015

Coastal eupseongs, which are mainly built in the period of late Goryeo and early Joseon period, are essential materials in studying the history of Joseon period eupseongs. The purpose of this study is to connect the annexation of local districts with the relocation of local government office, so as to categorize the types of coastal-eupseongs and examine the background of their constructions and relocations. Coastal eupseongs are mainly divided into 'maintenance type' and 'Mergence type' according to the annexation of local districts, and maintenance type is broken down into fortress type and non-fortress type in accordance with the existence of old eupseongs(fortresses). Coastal eupseongs can also be categorized into 'application type' and 'relocation type' depending on whether ex-local government offices were reutilized or relocated. Maintenance type is 'fortress-application type'(Gimhae Gosung Old Ulsan-eupseong), 'non-fortress-application type'(New Ulsan-eupseong), 'fortress-relocation type'(Dongrae Kijang Geojegohyunseong Ulsan(Jwabyeongyoung)-eupseong), 'non-fortress-relocation type'(Sacheon Hadong Jinhae-eupseong Geojesadeongseong) are differentiated by type. Mergence type is divided into 'Merger of Villages after Castle Relocation Type(Changwon Namhae Gonyang-eupseong)', 'Merger of Villages before Castle Relacation Type(Ungcheon-eupseong)'. Coastal-eupseongs are moved to other places in need of more affluent water supply(Gimhae Gijang-eupseong) and wider usable area(Namhae Gohyunseong-eupseong). Eupseongs were enlarged owing to the population growth, caused by annexations of local districts.(Ungcheon-eupseong) 'Seonso'(navy yard) is a unique feature which cannot be seen in inland eupseongs.