• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.300-308
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• 2011

Purpose: The goal of reduction mammaplasty is breast with natural cone shape, minimizing scars, well-placed and sensate nipple-areolar area and maintaining breast physiology. In order to satisfy that goal, variable reduction mammaplasty methods are performed, however, two methods such as vertical reduction method and inverted T-scar method are currently most used. We compared indications and advantages of the two methods and set up useful guidlines. Methods: For 15 years from 1995 to 2010, we experienced 84 patients (162 breasts). We performed vertical reduction method as Lejour's superior pedicle technique (45 patients) and inverted T-scar method as Goldwyn's inferior dermal flap technique (39 patients). We evaluated the result of the operation comparing patient's age, amount of resected tissue, complications and post-operative scars of the two methods. Results: The mean age was 36 years and the vertical reduction group was 3 years younger than inverted T-scar group. The mean breast tissue resection amount per one breast, inverted T-scar group (712 gm) was lagger than vertical reduction group (395 gm). Conclusion: There is no ideal method for reduction mammaplasty until now. However, we suggest that guide line, the vertical reduction method is effective for minimal and moderate macromastia in young and middle aged women and inverted T-scar method is appropriate for severe macromastia with ptosis in elderly women. Recently, all procedures tried shorter and smaller scar on the vertical line as small I, J or L shape scar, and inframammary fold as short inverted T-scar.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.630-638
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• 2007

This study was performed to examine the combined effects of L-carnitine and isoflavone supplementation on weight reduction and body fat distribution in overweight women. Overweight/obese women (body mass index > $23kg/m^2$) who were not diagnosed any type of diseases were included in this study and sixty subjects ($41.1{\pm}1.5$ years, $25.9{\pm}0.3kg/m^2)$ were randomly assigned to a placebo (n=30) or a supplement group (n=30, L-carnitine 300 mg+isoflavone 40 mg/day). We measured anthropometric parameters, abdominal fat distribution by computerizd tomography and blood components before and after the 12 week intervention period. After the 12 weeks of supplementation, subjects in L-carnitine and isoflavone supplement group showed a significant reduction of body weight (p < 0.001), body fat % (p < 0.05), and waist to hip ratio (p < 0.01) whereas placebo group did not show any changes. In a CT-scanned results, total fat area at L4 level was significantly reduced by 8.1% (p < 0.01) with the reduction of visceral fat area (-11.1%, p < 0.001) and subcutaneous fat area (-7.0%, p < 0.05) in the supplement group. The supplementation of L-carnitine and isoflavone showed the significant improvement of HDL-C (p < 0.01) and apoB (p < 0.05) concentrations, however, change values in those markers were not significant compared with those of the placebo group. In addition, a significant increase of adiponectin level (p<0.001) was observed in the supplement group after the intervention. The result of present study demonstrated that supplementation of 300 mg L-carnitine and 40 mg isoflavone per day fur 12 weeks can give beneficial effects on weight reduction and visceral fat accumulation. These potential antiobesity supplement can produce more favorable effects when combined with lifestyle modification.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2015

In 2014, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed to submit the Intended Nationality Determined Contributions (INDCs) at the conference of parties held in Lima, Peru. Then, the South Korean government submitted the INDCs including GHGs reduction target and reduction potential on July, 2015. The goal of this study is to predict GHGs emission and to analyze reduction potential in agricultural sector of Korea. Activity data to estimate GHGs emission was forecast by Korea Agricultural Simulation Model (KASMO) of Korea Rural Economic Institute and estimate methodology was taken by the IPCC and guideline for MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) of national greenhouse gases statistics of Korea. The predicted GHGs emission of agricultural sectors from 2021 to 2030 tended to decrease due to decline in crop production and its gap was less after 2025. Increasing livestock numbers such as sheep, horses, swine, and ducks did not show signigicant impact the total GHGs emission. On a analysis of the reduction potential, GHGs emission was expected to reduce $253Gg\;CO_{2-eq}$. by 2030 with increase of mid-season water drainage area up to 95% of total rice cultivation area. The GHGs reduction potential with intermittent drainage technology applied to 10% of the tatal paddy field area, mid-drainage and no organic matter would be $92Gg\;CO_{2-eq}$. by 2030.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.471-481
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• 1995

Unirradiated UO2 pellets were pulverized by oxidation in air at 40$0^{\circ}C$, and the oxidized powders were reduced in H2 and CO atmospheres at $600^{\circ}C$. During the oxidation of UO2 at 40$0^{\circ}C$, intergranular cracks which caused the spallation were mainly developed by the volume contraction due to the formation of intermediate phase (U4O9 or U3O7). As oxidation proceeded, U3O8 finally formed. As the oxidation/reduction cycles were repeated, the powder surface became coarser, specific surface area was increased and average particle size was decreased. The sintered densities of the powder were increased by the oxidation/reduction cycle due to the characteristic changes of the powder.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2012

The ultra-fine and less agglomerated titanium carbonitride particles were successfully synthesized by magnesiothermic reduction with low feeding rate of $TiCl_4+1/4C_2Cl_4$ solution. The sub-stoichiometric titanium carbide ($TiC_{0.5{\sim}0.6}$) particles were produced by reduction of chlorine component by liquid magnesium at $800^{\circ}C$ of gaseous $TiCl_4+1/4C_2Cl_4$ and the heat treatments in vacuum were performed for 5 hours to remove the residual magnesium and magnesium chloride mixed with produced $TiC_{{\sim}0.5}$. The final $TiC_{{\sim}0.5}N_{0{\sim}0.5}$ particle with near 100 nm in mean size and high specific surface area of $65m^2/g$ was obtained by nitrification under nitrogen gas at $1,150^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.35-38
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• 2004

In general, tube drawing process is composed of two steps, so called first drawing and second drawing. Drawing cracks are mainly occurred during the 2nd drawing process due to the improper drawing process. In order to analyze the reduction distribution in successive two-step drawing process, tube drawing process was simulated by finite element method. From the finite element analysis, the balance between first and second reduction is proved to be important factor to prevent drawing cracks. Hence the numerical expression was developed for tube drawing process to distribute even strain and criteria curves that can predict the safe drawing region were also proposed using this numerical formula.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.434-447
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• 1995

This research was intended to identify variables influencing on risk perception and risk reduction behavior in clothing purchase situations. Responses from 631 female adults living in Seoul area were collected and analyzed. Towner for social occasions or working in office was used as clothing stimulus. The analysis included three product variables(price, style, type of clothing), 4 personality variables(generalized self-confidence, specific self-confidence, generalized informativeness, fashion informativeness), 2 clothing attitude variables(clothing importance, clothing interest), 4 demographic variables(age, educational level, occupation, income), and 3 situational variables(purchase planning, time pressure, effects of shopping company). Multiple regression revealed the fact that each type of clothing risk and each type of risk reduction behavior was influenced by the set of different variables. Generalized self- confidence and age and time pressure had more effects on clothing risk perception, while clothing risk reduction behavior was more influenced by clothing risk type, clothing interest, price of clothing and fashion informativeness. Implications for marketing strategies planning were also provided.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.542-547
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• 2004

The objective of this study is 0 estimate wind pressure acting on soundproof tunnel and noise reduction through the tunnel. For the purpose various shape of scale models were prepared and drag forces acting on each models were measured in wind tunnel. And numerical simulation was performed to confirm experimental results. As a result the lowest drag force coefficient of 0.59 was obtained in the case of arch roof shape model. Noise reduction through soundproof tunnel was simulated by using ray tracing method according to various open ratio of its roof area.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.671-677
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• 2004

For the large reduction in tube cross section, the tube drawing process is usually performed by two successive passes, so called first drawing and second drawing. In multi-pass drawing process, the reduction balance is important to prevent drawing cracks. Therefore in this study, the model for uniform reduction distribution in two-pass drawing process has been developed on the basis of cross sectional variation of drawn tube. For the given product geometry the model provides optimal diameter and thickness that can evenly distribute drawing reductions. The capability of model is well confirmed by finite element analysis of tube drawing process. Criteria curves at various limit strains to determine whether the drawn tube would fail during drawing process are also proposed by using newly developed model.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.543-546
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• 2008

In the present study, the effect of cold reduction ratio on the spherodization rate of SK85 high carbon steel sheet was investigated. High carbon steel sheet fabricated by POSCO was soaked at $800^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in a box furnace and then treated at $570^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in a salt bath furnace followed by water quenching to obtain a fine pearlite structure. Cold rolling was conducted on the sheets of fine pearlite by reduction ratios of 20, 30, and 40 % and heat treatment for spheroidization was carried out at $720^{\circ}C$ for the various time intervals from 0.1 to 32 hrs. Area fraction of spheroidized cementite was measured with an image analyzer as a function of cold reduction ratios and duration times.