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Fast Join Mechanism that considers the switching of the tree in Overlay Multicast (오버레이 멀티캐스팅에서 트리의 스위칭을 고려한 빠른 멤버 가입 방안에 관한 연구)

  • Cho, Sung-Yean;Rho, Kyung-Taeg;Park, Myong-Soon
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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    • v.10C no.5
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    • pp.625-634
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    • 2003
  • More than a decade after its initial proposal, deployment of IP Multicast has been limited due to the problem of traffic control in multicast routing, multicast address allocation in global internet, reliable multicast transport techniques etc. Lately, according to increase of multicast application service such as internet broadcast, real time security information service etc., overlay multicast is developed as a new internet multicast technology. In this paper, we describe an overlay multicast protocol and propose fast join mechanism that considers switching of the tree. To find a potential parent, an existing search algorithm descends the tree from the root by one level at a time, and it causes long joining latency. Also, it is try to select the nearest node as a potential parent. However, it can't select the nearest node by the degree limit of the node. As a result, the generated tree has low efficiency. To reduce long joining latency and improve the efficiency of the tree, we propose searching two levels of the tree at a time. This method forwards joining request message to own children node. So, at ordinary times, there is no overhead to keep the tree. But the joining request came, the increasing number of searching messages will reduce a long joining latency. Also searching more nodes will be helpful to construct more efficient trees. In order to evaluate the performance of our fast join mechanism, we measure the metrics such as the search latency and the number of searched node and the number of switching by the number of members and degree limit. The simulation results show that the performance of our mechanism is superior to that of the existing mechanism.

An Analysis of a Porous Film Containing $Chamaecyparis$ $obtusa$ Extract (편백나무 추출물을 함유한 다공성 필름 분석)

  • Kim, Kyeong-Yee;Lee, Eun-Kyung
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.551-558
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    • 2011
  • This present study was performed to analyze the efficiency and volatility of a porous film containing $Chamaecyparis$ $obtusa$ extract as a method to effectively package food compounds. Phytoncide was contacted the state of gas and showed effective antimicrobial properties. Limonene can be distilled without decomposition as a relatively stable terpene and was one of the extract components. $Chamaecyparis$ $obtusa$ essential oil. The optimal solvent composition was a ratio 5:20:0.3 of T-500:ethanol:hardener to effectively manufacture film containing phytoncide essential oil and the minimum antibacterial concentration was 2%. The films were made under different conditions(A-50LF1, A-25SF2, B-50SF1, C-50LF1, C-25SF2 and D-50SF1) containing phytoncide and the amounts of limonene inside the 1-L reaction chamber depending on storage were measured by gas chromatography-mass selective detention. The results showed that the 25SF2(width, 25 mm; length, 20 cm) revealed more amount of limonene compared with 50LF1(width 50 mm, length 20 cm). We confirmed that the gas emission amount showed a better layer on the film side than on the internal film. An effect of film thickness on phytoncide emissions was observed in that the amounts was less than the expectation for a thicker film at the beginning time, but the emitting amounts increased with increasing storage periods. In the storage testing of various films at $35^{\circ}C$ and 70% humidity for 14 days, 25SF2 showed longer preservation compared with that of 50LF in the case of bread. $C.$ $obtusa$ essential oil is a useful fresh ingredients, hence, analysis of limonene emission kinetics from various film was helpful to develop films with an optimal antimicrobial effect, and will allow application of such films in food packaging systems.

Microbiological Hazard Analysis for HACCP System Application to Vinegared Pickle Radishes (식초절임 무의 HACCP 시스템 적용을 위한 미생물학적 위해 분석)

  • Kwon, Sang-Chul
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.69-74
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    • 2013
  • This study has been performed for 150 days from February 1 - June 31, 2012 aiming at analyzing biologically hazardous factors in order to develop HACCP system for the vinegared pickle radishes. A process chart was prepared as shown on Fig. 1 by referring to manufacturing process of manufacturer of general vinegared pickle radishes regarding process of raw agricultural products of vinegared pickle radishes, used water, warehousing of additives and packing material, storage, careful selection, washing, peeling off, cutting, sorting out, stuffing (filling), internal packing, metal detection, external packing, storage and consignment (delivery). As a result of measuring Coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria Monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Clostridium perfringens, Yeast and Mold before and after washing raw radishes, Bacillus cereus was $5.00{\times}10$ CFU/g before washing but it was not detected after washing and Yeast and Mold was $3.80{\times}10^2$ CFU/g before washing but it was reduced to 10 CFU/g after washing and other pathogenic bacteria was not detected. As a result of testing microorganism variation depending on pH (2-5) of seasoning fluid (condiment), pH 3-4 was determined as pH of seasoning fluid as all the bacteria was not detected in pH3-4. As a result of testing air-borne bacteria (number of general bacteria, colon bacillus, fungus) depending on each workplace, number of microorganism of internal packing room, seasoning fluid processing room, washing room and storage room was detected to be 10 CFU/Plate, 2 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate and 20 CFU/Plate, respectively. As a result of testing palm condition of workers, as number of general bacteria and colon bacillus was represented to be high as 346 $CFU/Cm^2$ and 23 $CFU/Cm^2$, respectively, an education and training for individual sanitation control was considered to be required. As a result of inspecting surface pollution level of manufacturing facility and devices, colon bacillus was not detected in all the specimen but general bacteria was most dominantly detected in PP Packing machine and Siuping machine (PE Bulk) as $4.2{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$, $2.6{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$, respectively. As a result of analyzing above hazardous factors, processing process of seasoning fluid where pathogenic bacteria may be prevented, reduced or removed is required to be controlled by CCP-B (Biological) and threshold level (critical control point) was set at pH 3-4. Therefore, it is considered that thorough HACCP control plan including control criteria (point) of seasoning fluid processing process, countermeasures in case of its deviation, its verification method, education/training and record control would be required.

Target dose study of effects of changes in the AAA Calculation resolution on Lung SABR plan (Lung SABR plan시 AAA의 Calculation resolution 변화에 의한 Target dose 영향 연구)

  • Kim, Dae Il;Son, Sang Jun;Ahn, Bum Seok;Jung, Chi Hoon;Yoo, Suk Hyun
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.171-176
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    • 2014
  • Purpose : Changing the calculation grid of AAA in Lung SABR plan and to analyze the changes in target dose, and investigated the effects associated with it, and considered a suitable method of application. Materials and Methods : 4D CT image that was used to plan all been taken with Brilliance Big Bore CT (Philips, Netherlands) and in Lung SABR plan($Eclipse^{TM}$ ver10.0.42, Varian, the USA), use anisotropic analytic algorithm(AAA, ver.10, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and, was calculated by the calculation grid 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mm in each Lung SABR plan. Results : Lung SABR plan of 10 cases are using each of 1.0 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm calculation grid, and in case of use a 1.0 mm calculation grid $V_{98}$. of the prescribed dose is about $99.5%{\pm}1.5%$, $D_{min}$ of the prescribed dose is about $92.5{\pm}1.5%$ and Homogeneity Index(HI) is $1.0489{\pm}0.0025$. In the case of use a 3.0 mm calculation grid $V_{98}$ dose of the prescribed dose is about $90{\pm}4.5%$, $D_{min}$ of the prescribed dose is about $87.5{\pm}3%$ and HI is about $1.07{\pm}1$. In the case of use a 5.0 mm calculation grid $V_{98}$ dose of the prescribed dose is about $63{\pm}15%$, $D_{min}$ of the prescribed dose is about $83{\pm}4%$ and HI is about $1.13{\pm}0.2$, respectively. Conclusion : The calculation grid of 1.0 mm is better improves the accuracy of dose calculation than using 3.0 mm and 5.0 mm, although calculation times increase in the case of smaller PTV relatively. As lung, spread relatively large and low density and small PTV, it is considered and good to use a calculation grid of 1.0 mm.

Evaluation for Application of IOM Sampler for Agricultural Farmer's Inhalation Exposure to Kresoxim-methyl and Fenthion (농작업자의 Kresoxim-methyl과 fenthion에 대한 호흡노출량 측정을 위한 IOM 채집기의 효율성 평가)

  • Lee, Jiho;Kim, Eunhye;Lee, Jonghwa;Shin, Yongho;Maasfeld, Wolfgang;Choi, Hoon;Moon, Joon-Kwan;Lee, Hyeri;Kim, Jeong-Han
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.230-240
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    • 2015
  • An IOM sampler equipped with glass fiber filter has been recently utilized instead of solid adsorbent, which was used to measure the inhalation exposure of agricultural operator to pesticides. The aim of this study is to validate the efficacy of an IOM sampler by measuring the trapping efficiency and breakthrough using kresoxim-methyl water-dispersible granule and fenthion emulsifiable concentrate. On LC-MS/ MS, minimum detection level was 12.5 pg and method limit of detection was 5.0 ng/mL. Good linearity ($R^2$ > 0.999) for matrix matched standards was obtained. Recoveries of pesticides from glass fiber filter were 102-109% (kresoxim-methyl) and 97-104% (fenthion) while those from XAD-2 resin were 94-98% (kresoxim methyl) and 93-100% (fenthion). Trapping efficiency test was performed with personal air pumps and IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) connected with solid adsorbent (XAD-2 resin) with two types of formulation (solid and liquid) which were diluted by standard rate and sprayed to IOM sampler. Those pesticides were trapped only in glass fiber filter without any breakthrough to solid adsorbent. After spiking of pesticides to glass fiber filter, breakthrough test was carried out with IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) which was connected with solid adsorbent. As a results, 87-101% of kresoxim-methyl and 96-105% of fenthion remained in spiked glass fiber filter, however, no pesticides were detected in second glass fiber filter and solid adsorbent. In conclusion, IOM sampler which equipped with glass fiber filter can be applied widely for pesticide inhalation exposure study since it has good trapping efficiency and adsorption capacity, regardless of the solid or liquid formulation.

Application of Nano Fe°-impregnated Biochar for the Stabilization of As-contaminated Soil (비소 오염토양의 안정화를 위한 나노 Fe° 담지 바이오차 적용 연구)

  • Choi, Yu-Lim;Angaru, Ganesh Kumar Reddy;Ahn, Hye-Young;Park, Kwang-Jin;Joo, Wan-Ho;Yang, Jae-Kyu;Chang, Yoon-Young
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.350-362
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    • 2020
  • In this study, nano Fe°-impregnated biochar (INPBC) was prepared using pruning residues and one-pot synthetic method and evaluated its performance as an amendment agent for the stabilization of arsenic-contaminated soil. For the preparation of INPBC, the mixture of pruning residue and Fe (III) solution was heated to 220℃ for 3hr in a teflon-sealed autoclave followed by calcination at 600℃ under N2 atmosphere for 1hr. As-prepared INPBC was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, BET, SEM. For the stabilization test of as-prepared INPBC, As-contaminated soils (Soil-E and Soil-S) sampled from agricultural sites located respectively near E-abandoned mine and S-abandoned mine in South Korea were mixed with different of dosage of INPBC and cultivated for 4 weeks. After treatment, TCLP and SPLP tests were conducted to determine the stabilization efficiency of As in soil and showed that the stabilization efficiency was increased with increasing the INPBC dosage and the concentration of As in SPLP extractant of Soil-E was lower than the drinking water standard level of Ministry of Environment of South Korea. The sequential fractionation of As in the stabilized soils indicated that the fractions of As in the 1st and 2nd stages that correspond liable and known as bioavailable fraction were decreased and the fractions of As in 3rd and 4th stages that correspond relatively non-liable fraction were increased. Such a stabilization of As shows that the abundant nano Fe° on the surface of INPBC mixed with As-contaminated soils played the co-precipitation of As leaching from soil by surface complexation with iron. The results of this study may imply that INPBC as a promising amendments for the stabilization of As-contaminated soil play an important role.

Effects of Horseshoe Expander (Horseshoe Expander의 확장 효과에 관한 연구)

  • Chung, Kyu-Rhim;Park, Young-Guk;Lee, Young-Jun;Kim, Hong-Suk
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.30 no.5 s.82
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    • pp.553-563
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    • 2000
  • Horseshoe Expander is one of Slow Maxillary Expansion(SME) which aims to accommodate the contra- lateral expansion and midpalatal suture expansion or the palate. The appliance consists of skeleton type strew embedded in split Horseshoe appliance. It is the objectives of the presentation to manifest the changes in dental & craniofacial components subsequent to the application of Horseshoe Expander. The subjects for this study consisted of 32 patients (mean age : 12.7). frontal, lateral cephalometric headfilm were taken and study casts were fabricated before and after expansion. 24 items were measured, compared preexpansion with postexpansion. Especially, palatal volume was measured by means of 'Hydro-measurement method'. Tooth axis measurement on the dental casts were made with Universal bevel protractor, and Horseshoe Expander group were compared with RME group. This study of changes to maxillary expansion with Horseshoe Expander revealed the following significant results. 1. Triangular-shaped expansion pattern appeared in frontal cephalometric headfilm. 2. Palatal plane, occlusal plane, mandibular plane and upper incisor to FH increased in lateral cephalometrir headfilm. 3. Palatal volume increased significantly. A slight bite opening, reduction of occlusal contact points showed in dental casts. 4. A 2.2:1 ratio of the amount of intermolar width in maxilla(orthodontic movement) to maxillary width (orthopedic movement) was determined. 5. Horseshoe Expander group has less buccal tipping tendency than RME group, by taking high correlation coefficients in the upper second premolar and first molar. It was suggested that Horseshoe Expander showed less orthodontic changes, less buccal tipping tendency. In addition, it was effective in maxillary expansion.

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The Liability for Damage and Dispute Settlement Mechanism under the Space Law (우주법상 손해배상책임과 분쟁해결제도)

  • Lee, Kang-Bin
    • Journal of Arbitration Studies
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.173-198
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this paper is to research on the liability for the space damage and the settlement of the dispute with reference to the space activity under the international space treaty and national space law of Korea. The United Nations has adopted five treaties relating to the space activity as follows: The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, the Rescue and Return Agreement of 1968, the Liability Convention of 1972, the Registration Convention of 1974, and the Moon Treaty of 1979. All five treaties have come into force. Korea has ratified above four treaties except the Moon Treaty. Korea has enacted three national legislations relating to space development as follows: Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act of 1987, Outer Space Development Promotion Act of 2005, Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 regulates the international responsibility for national activities in outer space, the national tort liability for damage by space launching object, the national measures for dispute prevention and international consultation in the exploration and use of outer space, the joint resolution of practical questions by international inter-governmental organizations in the exploration and use of outer space. The Liability Convention of 1972 regulates the absolute liability by a launching state, the faulty liability by a launching state, the joint and several liability by a launching state, the person claiming for compensation, the claim method for compensation, the claim period of compensation, the claim for compensation and local remedy, the compensation amount for damage by a launching state, the establishment of the Claims Commission. The Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008 in Korea regulates the definition of space damage, the relation of the Outer Space Damage Compensation Act and the international treaty, the non-faulty liability for damage by a launching person, the concentration of liability and recourse by a launching person, the exclusion of application of the Product Liability Act, the limit amount of the liability for damage by a launching person, the cover of the liability insurance by a launching person, the measures and assistance by the government in case of occurring the space damage, the exercise period of the claim right of compensation for damage. The Liability Convention of 1972 should be improved as follows: the problem in respect of the claimer of compensation for damage, the problem in respect of the efficiency of decision by the Claims Commission. The Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008 in Korea should be improved as follows: the inclusion of indirect damage into the definition of space damage, the change of currency unit of the limit amount of liability for damage, the establishment of joint and several liability and recourse right for damage by space joint launching person, the establishment of the Space Damage Compensation Review Commission. The 1998 Final Draft Convention on the Settlement of Disputes Related to Space Activities of 1998 by ILA regulates the binding procedure and non-binding settlement procedure for the disputes in respect of space activity. The non-binding procedure regulates the negotiation or the peaceful means and compromise for dispute settlement. The binding procedure regulates the choice of a means among the following means: International Space Law Court if it will be established, International Court of Justice, and Arbitration Court. The above final Draft Convention by ILA will be a model for the innovative development in respect of the peaceful settlement of disputes with reference to space activity and will be useful for establishing the frame of practicable dispute settlement. Korea has built the space center at Oinarodo, Goheung Province in June 2009. Korea has launched the first small launch vehicle KSLV-1 at the Naro Space Center in August 2009 and June 2010. In Korea, it will be the possibility to be occurred the problems relating to the international responsibility and dispute settlement, and the liability for space damage in the course of space activity. Accordingly the Korean government and launching organization should make the legal and systematic policy to cope with such problems.

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A Study on Outplacement Countermeasure and Retention Level Examination Analysis about Outplacement Competency of Special Security Government Official (특정직 경호공무원의 전직역량에 대한 보유수준 분석 및 전직지원방안 연구)

  • Kim, Beom-Seok
    • Korean Security Journal
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    • no.33
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    • pp.51-80
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    • 2012
  • This study is to summarize main contents which was mentioned by Beomseok Kim' doctoral dissertation. The purpose of this study focuses on presenting the outplacement countermeasure and retention level examination analysis about outplacement competency of special security government official through implement of questionnaire method. The questionnaire for retention level examination including four groups of outplacement competency and twenty subcategories was implemented in the object of six hundered persons relevant to outplacement more than forty age and five grade administration official of special security government officials, who have outplacement experiences as outplacement successors, outplacement losers, and outplacement expectants, in order to achieve this research purpose effectively. The questionnaire examination items are four groups of outplacement competency and twenty subcategories which are the group of knowledge competency & four subcategories including expert knowledge, outplacement knowledge, self comprehension, and organization comprehension, the group of skill competency & nine subcategories including job skill competency, job performance skill, problem-solving skill, reforming skill, communication skill, organization management skill, crisis management skill, career development skill, and human network application skill, the group of attitude-emotion competency & seven subcategories including positive attitude, active attitude, responsibility, professionalism, devoting-sacrificing attitude, affinity, and self-controlling ability, and the group of value-ethics competency & two subcategories including ethical consciousness and morality. The respondents highly regard twenty-two outplacement competency and they consider themselves well-qualified for the subcategories valued over 4.0 such as the professional knowledge, active attitude, responsibility, ethics and morality while they mark the other subcategories below average still need to be improved. Thus, the following is suggestions for successful outplacement. First, individual effort is essential to strengthen their capabilities based on accurate self evaluation, for which the awareness and concept need to be redefined to help them face up to the reality by readjusting career goal to a realistic level. Second, active career development plan to improve shortcoming in terms of outplacement competency is required. Third, it is necessary to establish the infrastructure related to outplacement training such as ON-OFF Line training system and facilities for learning to reinforce user-oriented outplacement training as a regular training course before during after the retirement.

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Enhancing Predictive Accuracy of Collaborative Filtering Algorithms using the Network Analysis of Trust Relationship among Users (사용자 간 신뢰관계 네트워크 분석을 활용한 협업 필터링 알고리즘의 예측 정확도 개선)

  • Choi, Seulbi;Kwahk, Kee-Young;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.113-127
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    • 2016
  • Among the techniques for recommendation, collaborative filtering (CF) is commonly recognized to be the most effective for implementing recommender systems. Until now, CF has been popularly studied and adopted in both academic and real-world applications. The basic idea of CF is to create recommendation results by finding correlations between users of a recommendation system. CF system compares users based on how similar they are, and recommend products to users by using other like-minded people's results of evaluation for each product. Thus, it is very important to compute evaluation similarities among users in CF because the recommendation quality depends on it. Typical CF uses user's explicit numeric ratings of items (i.e. quantitative information) when computing the similarities among users in CF. In other words, user's numeric ratings have been a sole source of user preference information in traditional CF. However, user ratings are unable to fully reflect user's actual preferences from time to time. According to several studies, users may more actively accommodate recommendation of reliable others when purchasing goods. Thus, trust relationship can be regarded as the informative source for identifying user's preference with accuracy. Under this background, we propose a new hybrid recommender system that fuses CF and social network analysis (SNA). The proposed system adopts the recommendation algorithm that additionally reflect the result analyzed by SNA. In detail, our proposed system is based on conventional memory-based CF, but it is designed to use both user's numeric ratings and trust relationship information between users when calculating user similarities. For this, our system creates and uses not only user-item rating matrix, but also user-to-user trust network. As the methods for calculating user similarity between users, we proposed two alternatives - one is algorithm calculating the degree of similarity between users by utilizing in-degree and out-degree centrality, which are the indices representing the central location in the social network. We named these approaches as 'Trust CF - All' and 'Trust CF - Conditional'. The other alternative is the algorithm reflecting a neighbor's score higher when a target user trusts the neighbor directly or indirectly. The direct or indirect trust relationship can be identified by searching trust network of users. In this study, we call this approach 'Trust CF - Search'. To validate the applicability of the proposed system, we used experimental data provided by LibRec that crawled from the entire FilmTrust website. It consists of ratings of movies and trust relationship network indicating who to trust between users. The experimental system was implemented using Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and UCINET 6. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed system, we compared the performance of our proposed method with one of conventional CF system. The performances of recommender system were evaluated by using average MAE (mean absolute error). The analysis results confirmed that in case of applying without conditions the in-degree centrality index of trusted network of users(i.e. Trust CF - All), the accuracy (MAE = 0.565134) was lower than conventional CF (MAE = 0.564966). And, in case of applying the in-degree centrality index only to the users with the out-degree centrality above a certain threshold value(i.e. Trust CF - Conditional), the proposed system improved the accuracy a little (MAE = 0.564909) compared to traditional CF. However, the algorithm searching based on the trusted network of users (i.e. Trust CF - Search) was found to show the best performance (MAE = 0.564846). And the result from paired samples t-test presented that Trust CF - Search outperformed conventional CF with 10% statistical significance level. Our study sheds a light on the application of user's trust relationship network information for facilitating electronic commerce by recommending proper items to users.