• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.318-322
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• 2006

One hundred and nine Agrobacterium isolates were recovered from 68 samples(51 plant tumor and 17 soil) that were collected from different habitats in Northern Jordan. The isolated cultures were grouped into 3 biovars based on their biochemical characteristics and biovar I, II, and III comprised a total number of 46, 41, and 22 isolates, respectively. Isolates of biovar I were obtained primarily from the diseased peach, oak and rose plants, whereas isolates of biovar II and ill were obtained mostly from apple and grape plants, respectively. Twenty-nine isolates were found to be virulent to at least one of the tested hosts such as carrots, chickpeas, garden peas and tomato plants with a response of tumor formation or tumor with roots induction. Our result suggested that A. tumefaciens strains from tumor of various plants and soil of Jordan were diverse and they have a variation in their virulence.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.280-285
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• 2010

In the course of a searching natural antifungal compounds from plant sources, we found that the methanol extract ($3,000\;{\mu}g/ml$) of Malus domestica fruits had potential of control against rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea) and tomato late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Under bioassay-guided purification, we isolated phloretin, a phenolic compound, with in vivo antifungal activity against M. grisea. By 1-day protective application of phloretin ($500\;{\mu}g/ml$), the compound strongly inhibited the disease development of M. grisea and P. infestans on rice and tomato seedlings, respectively. And red pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum coccodes also was moderately suppressed. However, rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani AG1), and barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) were hardly controlled. In addition, the compound showed in vitro antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi including Phytophthora capsici, Alternaria panax, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, R. solani AG4, and M. grisea. This is the first report on the antifungal activity of phloretin against plant pathogenic fungi.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.896-901
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• 2006

Patulin is a food mycotoxin which induces genotoxicity and acute intestinal disease in infants. Patulin mainly originates from fruit putrefactive moulds, especially in apples, which necessitates the maintenance of strong safety standards against patulin for fresh and processed apples. To investigate the patulin producing moulds in Korean apples, 16 morphological types of fungi were isolated from Korean apples and a patulin producing fungus was identified based on a sequence analysis of the region of internal transcribed spacers (ITS5-5.8S-ITS4 region, 505 base pair) and the 26 rRNA D1/D2 region (527 base pair). Morphological analyses were also performed. The isolated patulin producing fungus was found to a representative species of Penicillium crustosum. The maximal patulin production ability of the isolated fungus (P. crustosum) and the patulin producing standard strain (P. griseofulvum, ATCC 46037) in an SY broth medium were 0.32 and 2.46 mg/L, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2004

The pathogenesity of 25 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from apple, 42 isolates from pepper, 5 isolates from jujube, 8 isolates from persimmon was evaluated to know transmission to strawberry from other infected plants. Followings are the results. Colony morphology and spore size on potato dextrose agar was similar. When each isolate was inoculated on leaf and petiole of strawberry, isolates from persimmon was the most pathogenic. Five isolates, one pathogenic isolate per each host, were evaluated in simulated field condition under natural rainfall for their natural infectivity. All isolates infected strawberry in field condition, so C. gloeosporioides from other hosts are potential inoculum source of strawberry anthracnose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.406-414
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to evaluate estimated and analyzed contents of sodium and potassium in the salt-restricted diet using "Food exchange sheet fro control of protein, sodium and potassium" for renal disease patients. Average food intake per day in the salt-restricted diet was 2, 241.2$\pm$68.4g, and water content of meals per day was 2, 082.7$\pm$144.3g including 297.7$\pm$91.1g of metabolic water from protein, fat and carbohydrate. Fried food showed higher weight change than that of the other kinds of food during cooking. Estimated and analyzed content of sodium were 656.4$\pm$273.2mg, 675.7$\pm$195.3mg, respectively ; those of potassium were 2, 198.3$\pm$37.3mg, 2, 142.3$\pm$162.4mg, respectively. Fried squid showed the lowest content of analyzed sodium and potassium compared with the estimated contents. The highest content of sodium was honeyed juice with apple, whereas the highest content of potassium was Mulkimchi. There was also no significant differences between analyzed and estimated content of sodium, as in case of potassium(p<0.05). Side dish and main dish made great contribution to sodium contents and the side dish and dessert were major source for potassium.potassium.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2002

Two species of Phytophthora were isolated from infected fruits of jujube. Among 18 isolates collected, 6 were identified as P. nicotianae and 12 as P. patmivora on the basis of their mycological characteristics. The former produced no caduceus, ovoid to spherical sporangia in contrast to caduceus, ellipsoid, and broadly avoid to spherical ones of the latter. These two species were shown to be heterothallic and markedly papilate, chlamydospores abundant, and Al mating type. They skewed strong pathogenicity to fruits of jujube and pear while no symptom was produced on apple fruit by artificial inoculation. This is the first report of juiube fruit rot caused by P. ninotianae and P. palmivora in Korea.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2007

The antifungal effect of pine needle extract prepared by a distinguishable extraction method and the dry distillation method, was examined. The effect of this extract itself was insignificant. The chemical components of pine needle extract were then investigated by gas chromatographic analysis, and four, chemical components, acetol, furfural, 5-methyl furfural, and terpine4-ol, were identified. The antifungal effects of those four chemical components against Alternaria mali (A. mali), an agent of Alternaria blotch of apple, were then examined. It was observed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 6.25, 0.78, 0.78, and 12.5 (mg/ml) of acetol, furfural, 5-methyl furfural, and terpine-4-ol, respectively. MICs of furfural and 5-methyl furfural had the same order of magnitude as that of an antifungal agrochemical, chlorothalonil. Although furfural itself can not be completely substituted for an antifungal agrochemical, a partial mixture of furfural and antifungal agrochemical may be used as a substitute. The use of agrochemicals for the prevention of plant disease caused by pathogenic fungus such as A. mali could be partially reduced by the application of this mixture.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2019

Research has established a strong connection between a diet rich in antioxidants and a decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer. These diets prominently feature fruits and vegetables containing high amounts of vitamins A, B, C and E, carotenoids, and minerals. Different processing conditions for these foods can alter their nutrient complement and potency. This study compared the antioxidant properties of a range of processed fruits and vegetables to see which yielded the highest level of antioxidant activity. We used an acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress mouse model to evaluate the antioxidant effects of extracts of processed apple, pear, carrot, cabbage, broccoli, and radish. Our results showed that the administration of these fruits decreased the expression of oxidative stress indicators such as ALT, AST, catalase, superoxide dismutase, GPx, and 8-OHdG. They also significantly protected mice livers from APAP-induced damage, as shown by histological evaluation. Our results have demonstrated the positive effects of processed fruits and vegetables in a mouse model of oxidative stress.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.410-416
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• 2022

Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire-blight disease in apple and pear trees, was first isolated in South Korea in 2015. Although numerous studies, including omics analyses, have been conducted on other strains of E. amylovora, studies on South Korean isolates remain limited. In this study, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of the strain TS3128, cultured in three media representing different growth conditions. Proteins related to virulence, type III secretion system, and amylovoran production, were more abundant under minimal conditions than in rich conditions. Additionally, various proteins associated with energy production, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, and ion uptake were identified under minimal conditions. The strain TS3128 expresses these proteins to survive in harsh environments. These findings contribute to understanding the cellular mechanisms driving its adaptations to different environmental conditions and provide proteome profiles as reference for future studies on the virulence and adaptation mechanisms of South Korean strains.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2001

Erwinia amylovora causes a devastating disease called fire blight in rosaceous trees and shrubs such as apple, pear, and raspberry. To successfully infect its hosts, the pathogen requires a set of clustered genes termed hrp. Studies on the hrp system of E. amylovora indicated that it consists of three functional classes of genes. Regulation genes including hrpS, hrpS, hrpXY, and hrpL produce proteins that control the expression of other genes in the cluster. Secretion genes, many of which named hrc, encode proteins that may form a transmembrane complex, which is devoted to type III protein secretion. Finally, several genes encode the proteins that are delivered by the protein secretion apparatus. They include harpins, DspE, and other potential effector proteins that may contribute to proliferation of E. amylovora inside the hosts. Harpins are glycine-rich heat-stable elicitors of the hypersensitive response, and induce systemic acquired resistance. The pathogenicity protein DseE is homologous and functionally similar to an avirulence protein of Pseudomonas syringae. The region encompassing the hrpldsp gene cluster of E. amylovora shows features characteristic of a genomic island : a cryptic recombinase/integrase gene and a tRNA gene are present at one end and genes corresponding to those of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome are found beyond the region. This island, designated the Hrp pathogenicity island, is more than 60 kilobases in size and carries as many as 60 genes.