• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.6-13
• /
• 2001

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of the browning inhibitors such as PVPP(polyvinylpoly-pyrrolidone), A.A.(ascorbic acid) on nonezymatic browning factors [free sugar, total amino acid, organic acid, A.A., HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural)] and enzymatic browning factors [PRO (polyphenoloxidase) activity, polyphenol compounds] in concentrated apple juice during 90 days storage. Considering color value (L value, $\Delta$E), absorbance at 420 nm, concentrated apple juice during 90 days storage. Considering color the effect of browning inhibition. According to the storage period, the changes of nonenzymatic factors in concentrated apple juice added with browning inhibitors were similar to those in control (concentrated apple juice without browning inhibitors), which were the decreased of sucrose(0.24~0.35% at 90 days), the slight increase of glucose and fructose, the decrease of total amino acid (530.4~573.1 mg/10g at 90 days), same value of A.A. at 90 days (38.5~78.6 mg/100g), and the increase of HMF (27.8~30.6 mg/100g at 90 days). On the contrary, enzymatic browning factors were significantly inhibited in concentrated apple juice added with PVPP, judging from the slow increase of PRO activity and the significant decrease of initial value in polyphenol compounds (especially chlorogenic acid). These results suggest that PVPP plays an important role as enzymatic browning inhibitor, that is, a scavenger of polyphenol compounds by adsorption in concentrated apple juice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.489-498
• /
• 2008

The objectives of this study were to provide fundamental information on how individual phenolic compounds form on the inside of apple slices during cold storage, the changes in the content of four types of phenols, ingredient variation of individual phenolic compounds and the influence of phenolic compounds on enzymatic browning. This study measured the changes in the content of soluble solids, pH and vitamin C in order to investigate the correlations between these variables. HD and FA were the main phenolic compounds found in the apple slices, and HD was the most prevalent phenol. Furthermore, comparison of the CG and EP content revealed that there were more CGs than EPs. The phenol content tended to decrease considerably in the fresh apple slices and water-dipped apple slices but only slightly in the CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices and 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices. The degree of browning increased in the following order: fresh apple slices, water-dipped apple slices, 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices and CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices. The vitamin C content tended to decrease in the fresh apple slices, water-dipped apple slices, 0.5% ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slices and CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices. The pH tended to increase in all sample groups, but the pH of the water-dipped apple slices was lower than that of the comparison group. The CP from sucrose-dipped apple slices had the lowest value of pH. The change in soluble solids tended to increase in all treatment groups, but this increase was less in the CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice. Correlation analysis revealed a high degree of correlation between browning and chlorogenic acid content. The results of the present study show that, when stored in the fridge, the change in phenol ingredient content in apple slices influences the browning of the slices. The results also showed that HD and FA were the main phenolic compounds, while CG was shown to have the greatest influence on browning.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.689-695
• /
• 2018

This study was carried out to select apple cultivars suited for the fresh cutting or minimal processing as investigating correlation between total phenol and ascorbic acid as browning factors and the enzymatic browning degree. In soluble solid-acid ratio, 'Gamhong' and 'Arisoo' were highest value of 71.69 and 71.52 compared with other cultivars. And the change of lightness (${\Delta}L$) and color (${\Delta}E$) in 'Gamhong' and 'Arisoo' showed lower than other cultivars while 'Arkansas black' was highest change of lightness and color as ${\Delta}L$ 8.27, ${\Delta}E$ 13.86 respectively. Total phenol and ascorbic acid contents in 'Arkansas black' were highest such as 334.3 mg GAE/100 g and 9.22 mg/100 g, respectively. And polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity also was the highest such as 14.43unit in 'Arkansas black'. The correlation test showed browning of apple was significantly dependent on ${\Delta}L$, ${\Delta}E$, total phenol, ascorbic acid contents and PPO activity (p<0.01). On the contrary, no significant correlation had been determined between the browning and ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) activity. Thus, it seemed that the browning of apple was not only due to oxidation of ascorbic acid but also total phenol. It was suggested that 'Gamhong' and 'Arisoo' were suitable for fresh cutting or minimal processing.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.21 no.1 s.85
• /
• pp.24-32
• /
• 2005

Changes in apple slices during cold storage were investigated by evaluating the physical properties such as degree of browning and compression force. Chemical properties such as PPO activity and total phenol contents were also determined and sensory evaluation was carried out. The correlation analysis between browning parameters was conducted. Degree of browning was increased in the order of fresh apple slice, water-dipped apple slice, $0.5\%$ ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slice and CP(caramelization product) from sucrose-dipped apple slice. PPO activity was increased in the order of fresh apple slice, water-dipped apple slice, $0.5\%$ ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slice and CP(caramelization product) from sucrose-dipped apple slice. Amongst several treatments, CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice showed the lowest degree of browning and PPO activity. Total phenol contents were decreased from 60 to 56.2 mg and from 59.6 to 56.0 mg in fresh apple slice and water-dipped apple slice, respectively, but CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice and $0.5\%$ ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slice were increased from 51.9 to 52.8 mg and from 54.1 to 54.4 mg, respectively, showing the smallest changes when compared with fresh apple slice and water-dipped apple slice. Compression forces of apple slices during cold storage were decreased in the order of fresh apple slice, water-dipped apple slice, $0.5\%$ ascorbic acid solution-dipped apple slice and CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice. In sensory evaluation of apple slices during cold storage, CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice had higher score than the other treatments. In addition, a significant correlation was observed among degree of browning, PPO activity and phenol content. Therefore, CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice seems to be effective in controlling of enzymatic browning during cold storage. In addition, CP from sucrose-dipped apple slice seems to be effective on other several factors. These results suggest that CP from sucrose should be a potential source for controlling enzymatic browning during storage of vegetables and fruits.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.151-155
• /
• 2007

A comprehensive study to evaluate the relative antibrowning activity of 5 known natural juices was conducted. Among the juices tested, rhubarb juice showed the highest inhibitory activity on apple browning (${\Delta}L=0.47$ & ${\Delta}E=1.8$ after 6 storage days at $4^{\circ}C$). Even 50% diluted rhubarb juice was very effective in controlling apple discoloration, showing very limited change in Hunter's L and E values. No significant difference in apple slices browning was observed with respect to the packaging material (LDPE or nylon/PE). However, gas composition inside package was closely related to apple browning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 1983

Apple sugaring and apple nectar gel were treated with coating agent, and then the rate of weight loss, browning reaction and fungi growth on the storage conditions of those were investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows; The composition of sucrose, D-sorbitol, corn syrup, gelatin, arabia gum, citric acid, sodium citrate and sodium ascorbate as a nontoxic coating agent was desirable to repress weight loss browning reaction and fungi growth of apple sugaring and apple nectar gel. It was the most effective method that apple sugaring was treated with the coating agent and refrigerated with double packaging. The contraction by weight loss, browning reaction and fungi growth of apple nectar gel treated with the coating agent and freezed with double packaging were repressed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.390-395
• /
• 1997

The inhibitory effects of cereal extracts and concentrates from barley, waxy rice flours and malt on enzymatic browning were measured using apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Malt concentrate showed the largest inhibitory effect on PPO among all. The relationship between the properties of malt concentrate such as browning intensity and reducing power and their inhibitory effect on PPO was also studied. As the heating time increased, the browning intensity and the reducing power of malt concentrates were increased, while PPO activities were decreased. Inhibitory effect of malt concentrates on PPO increased with heating time and their concentration. L-value and compression force of the apple slices dipped in malt concentrate decreased by 6.9% and 14.3%, respectively, showing the smallest changes compared with raw and water-dipped apple slices during cold storage for 9 days. These results suggest that malt concentrate can be a potential source for the control of enzymatic browning.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.50-55
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest factors on fruit quality and the incidence of storage disorders in 'Fuji' apple during CA storage. Incidence of storage disorders varied, depending on the growing regions, field conditions, and altitude of the orchards. Results indicated that fruit maturity may play a crucial role in the incidence and severity of flesh browning and watercore. The incidence of these storage disorders increased with fruit maturity until 180 days after full bloom (DAFB). In addition, occurrence of watercore was correlated with the incidence of flesh browning during CA storage. The incidence of flesh browning was positively correlated with the sum of the diurnal temperature range from September through October and amount of precipitation from August to October in 1996-1999 growing years. These results suggested that 'Fuji' apple should be harvested no later than 180 DAFB because the late harvested fruits were prone to development of watercore which was correlated with the incidence of flesh browing during CA storage in Korea.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1417-1422
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ultrasound with ascorbic acid on the quality of fresh-cut apples. Prepared apple cubes were dipped in distilled water (US) or in 1% ascorbic acid solution (AS), both were treated with ultrasound at 40 kHz, while the other sample was just dipped in 1% ascorbic acid solution for 1 min (AA). All samples were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. AS treatment had an effect on apple cube color as indicated by its significantly higher L values and lower ${\Delta}E$ value whereas AA- and US-treated samples showed a considerable browning. Higher inhibition rate on browning and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of 46 and 98%, respectively, were observed after AS treatment. The highest total phenolic content of AS-treated samples was shown during whole storage periods. This investigation revealed that the use of ultrasound in combination with ascorbic acid had a positive effect on quality maintaining of fresh-cut apples.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.618-624
• /
• 1990

The antimutagenic effects of apple enzymatic browning reaction products(AEBRP) which resulted from the reaction of catechol, hydroquinone, homocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone and pyrogallol with polyphenol oxidase extracted from apple(Jona gold) were investigated. Test strain used in SOS spot test and SOS chromotest was E. coli PQ 37/plasmid pKM 101. In SOS spot test, all of five AEBRPs showed strong antimutagenic effects on mytomycin C(MMC), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), N-me-thyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidlne(MNNG) as increasing concentrations of AEBRP solution. In SOS chromotest, most of AEBRPs also showed strong antimutagenic effects on MMC, MNNG, 4NQO and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole (Trp-P-1), as increasing concentration of AEBRP solution.