• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, and growth performance of Parasenecio firmus under changing light environment. Parasenecio firmus was grown under non-treated (full sunlight) and three different shading conditions (88~93%, 65~75% and 45%~55% of full sunlight) for the experiment. Total chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), T/R ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and leaf weight ratio (LWR) were increased with increasing shading level, but decreased dark respiration. Therefore, light absorption and light utilization efficiency were improved under the low intensity light. Plants under 65~75% of full sunlight had best maximum photosynthetic rate and net apparent quantum yield in May. On the other hand, the non-treated plants had lower maximum photosynthetic rate, photochemical efficiency, and chlorophyll content than the treated ones. Parasenecio firmus considered to be a sciophyte, is fairly sensitive to high intensity light. If 88-93% of full sunlight lasts for a long period, photosynthetic capacity will be sharply decreased, though limiting light. These results suggest that growth of Parasenecio firmus adapted to 65~75% of full sunlight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1016-1023
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• 1996

The effect of dietary calcium levels, 50%, 100%, and 200% of requirement, on iron utilization was evaluated in 30 Sprague-Dawley female rats by use of balance study for 3 weeks. In the results of this study, there were no significant difference in feed intake, body weight gain, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, calcium and iron levels in serum and tissues across the groups supplemented different calcium levels. Calcium content in kidney of high-calcium group was significantly higher than that of other groups. Urinary and fecal calcium excretions increased as the level of dietary calcium was increased. With increasing levels of dietary calcium, daily calcium retention was accelerated, but daily calcium retention rate was diminished. Iron intake was significantly higher in adequate-calcium group than that in low-calcium or high-calcium group. Urinary and fecal iron excretions were significantly lower in low-calcium group than those in adequate-calcium or high-calcium group. Apparent retention and retention rate estimated by intake, urinary and fecal excretions of iron were significantly lower in high-calcium group t]lan those in low-calcium or adequate-calcium group. These results suggest that taking dietary calcium supplements reduce the absorption of dietary iron.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1843-1848
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• 2007

Thirty-six 1.5 year-old Inner Mongolian White Cashmere wether goats (body weight $28.14{\pm}1.33$ kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and cashmere fibre characteristics. Wethers were fed a basal diet (containing 7.46 mg Cu/kg DM) that was supplemented with either 0 (control), 10, 20 or 30 mg Cu/kg DM. To ensure full consumption, animals were fed restrictedly with 0.75 kg feed (DM) in two equal allotments per day. The results indicated that: (1) supplemental 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the basal diet significantly (p<0.05) decreased ruminal fluid pH value and total VFA concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) increased on all Cu treatment groups. (2) Cu supplementation had no influence on DM intake and digestibility of DM, CP and ADF (p>0.05); however, NDF digestibility of groups supplemented with 10 and 20 mg Cu/kg DM were significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). Apparent absorption and retention of copper were decreased with increasing level of supplementation. (3) 20 mg Cu/kg DM treatment significantly (p<0.05) improved cashmere growth rate, but cashmere diameter was not affected by Cu supplementation (p>0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of cashmere goats with Cu at the rate of 10 to 20 mg/kg DM in the basal diet resulted in some changed rumen fermentation and was beneficial for NDF digestibility, while supplementation of 20 mg Cu/kg DM improved cashmere growth. Collectively, the optimal supplemental Cu level for cashmere goats during the fibre growing period was 20 mg/kg DM (a total dietary Cu level of 27.46 mg/kg DM).

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.60-69
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• 2008

The principal reasons for applying a pigment coating to paper are to improve appearance and printability. The pigment coating provides a surface that is more uniform and more receptive to printing ink than are the uncoated fibers and, in turn, both facilitates the printing process and enhances the graphic reproduction. The improvement in print quality is readily apparent, especially in image areas or when multiple colors are involved. Although pigment coating of paper is to improve the printability, coated paper is not completely free from printing defects. Actually there are a number printing defects that are observed only with the coated papers. Among the printing defects that are commonly observed for coated papers, print mottle during multi-color offset printing is one of the most concerned defects, and it appears not only on solid tone area but also half dot print area. There are four main causes of print mottle ranging from printing inks, dampening solution, paper, and printing press or its operation. These indicates that almost every factors associated with lithographic printing can cause print mottle. Among these variation of paper quality influences most significantly on print mottle problems in multicolor offset printing, and this indicates that paper is most often to be blamed for its product deficiency as far as print mottle problems are concerned. Furthermore, most of the print mottle problems associated with paper is observed when coated papers are printed. Uncoated papers rarely show mottling problems. This indicates that print mottle is the most serious quality problems of coated paper products. Overcoming the print mottle is becoming more difficult because the operating speeds of coating and printing machines are increasing, coating weights are decreasing, and the demands on high-quality printing are increasing. Print mottle in offset printing is caused by (a) nonuniform back trap of ink caused by a nonuniform rate of ink drying, referred as "back trap mottle, and (b) nonuniform absorption of the dampening solution. Furthermore, both forms of print mottle have some relationship to the structure of the coated layer. The surest way of eliminating ink mottling is to eliminate unevenness in the base paper. Coating solutions, often easier to put into practice, should, however, be considered. In this paper the principal factors influencing print mottle of coated papers will be discussed. Especially the importance of base paper roughness, binder migration, even consolidation of coating layers, control of the drying rate, types of binders, etc. will be described.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1648-1653
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• 2009

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of source of supplemental zinc (Zn) on performance, nutrient digestibility and plasma mineral profile in Cashmere goats during the cashmere fiber growing period. Twenty-seven Liao Ning Cashmere wether goats (9-10 month of age; initial BW = 19.31${\pm}$0.32 kg) were fed a basal diet (containing 22.3 mg Zn/kg DM) with no supplemental Zn (control) or 20 mg of supplemental Zn/kg of DM from Zn sulfate ($ZnSO_{4}$) or Zn methionine (ZnMet) for 60 days including a 10-day metabolism trial. Average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and gain:feed (G/F) (p<0.05) were increased by Zn supplementation, but no differences were noted between Zn sources (p>0.05). The length and diameter of cashmere fiber did not differ among treatments (p>0.05). Zn supplementation had no influence on digestibility of DM, CP, EE and NDF (p>0.05). However, ADF digestibility in the group supplemented with ZnMet was significantly higher than in other treatments (p<0.05). Plasma Zn was increased (p<0.05) and Cu tended to be decreased (p = 0.057) by Zn supplementation, but no differences were found between Zn sources (p>0.05). Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (AKP) was improved by Zn supplementation (p<0.05) and was higher in the $ZnSO_{4}$ than the ZnMet group (p<0.05). Zn retention was increased (p<0.05) and apparent absorption rate was decreased (p<0.05) by Zn supplementation. The results indicate that supplementation of 20 mg Zn/kg DM either as $ZnSO_{4}$ or ZnMet in the basal diet containing 22.3 mg Zn/kg DM can improve growth performance in Cashmere goats, and effectiveness of the two sources is similar on performance measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1603-1610
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• 2012

The effects of moisture content on the physical properties of cereal extrudates were investigated. Cereal flours (rice, wheat, corn, barley, and oat) were extruded at a barrel temperature of $130^{\circ}C$, feed rate of 120 g/min, and various moisture contents (20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, and 30%). Proximate content, expansion index, specific length, bulk density, breaking strength, apparent elastic modulus, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), specific mechanical energy (SME) input, paste viscosity, and color values were analyzed. Expansion ratio of extruded corn flour was higher than that of other extrudates at low moisture content. Bulk density, specific length, and elastic modulus in all cereals decreased with an increase in moisture content. The WAI increased with an increase in moisture content, whereas WSI decreased. SME input of extruded corn flour was higher than those of other cereal flours at lower moisture content, whereas that of oat flour extrudate was lower than those of other cereals at higher moisture content. Lightness of extruded rice flour was lighter than those of other cereals while that of extruded barley flour was darker.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.109-112
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• 2014

A porous ceramic which has fine porosity and small specific gravity is made with Cenosphere and Ball Clay under condition of $1,250^{\circ}C$ in calcination temperature and 30 minutes of calcination time. The average size of porous ceramic was about $2.5{\times}10^{-5}$ m and pores are well developed. The void-fraction of porous ceramic was 67.1% under the input of Cenosphere and Ball clay with the weight ratio of 100 to 5. However, as weight ratio of Ball Clay increased to 20, 40, 100, the void fraction decreased to 58.4, 56.7, 47% respectively. When the weight ratio of Cenosphere and Ball Clay was 100 to 100, the apparent density of porous ceramic was $1.04g/cm^3$. which is twice the density when the weight ratio of Ball Clay was 5. On the other hand, absorption rate decreased by at least 100%. In condition of weight ratio of Cenosphere and Ball Clay was 100 to 100, compressive strength of porous ceramic was 30 (MPa), improve by about 76% or more when the weight ratio of Ball Clay was 5.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soy protein hydrolyzate on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity in the rat. Thirty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into five groups: casein, isolated soy protein (ISP), seoritae protein hydrolyzate (SH), soluble soy protein hydrolyzate (SS), and insoluble soy protein hydrolyzate (IS). The control diet (casein group) contained 20% casein protein and experimental diet contained 10% casein and 10% isolated soy-protein or soy-protein hydrolyzate. Fecal lipid content was increased and lipid apparent absorption rate was decreased significantly by the ISP group at the first week of experimental period. Blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI) were decreased by soy protein hydrolyzate groups than casein group. Liver total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol were not different among groups, but showed decreasing tendencies in soyprotein hydrolyzate groups. The lipid lowering effect was prominent in the IS group among soy protein hydrolyzate groups. Total antioxidant activity showed increasing tendency in the seoritae hydrolyzate group. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities also showed higher tendencies in the seoritae hydrolyzate group than other groups. In conclusion, insoluble soyprotein hydrolyzate was more effective in lowering body lipids and seoritae hydrolyzate had higher antioxidant capacity among soy protein hydrolyzates.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.896-904
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• 2023

The texturization characteristics of textured vegetable protein (TVP) were investigated based on the extent of soybean decoating during the pretreatment of defatted soybean flour used for TVP. The raw materials for TVP consisted of 50% defatted soybean flour, 30% gluten, and 20% corn starch. The weight ratios of soybean seed coat to soybean flour were 9%, 6%, 3%, and zero. Extrusion was performed using an extruder equipped with a cooling die, maintaining a barrel temperature of 190℃ and screw speed of 250 rpm, Water was injected at a rate of 9 rpm using a metering pump. Regarding the textures of the extruded TVPs produced from defatted soybean flour, an increase in the soybean seed coat content led to a decrease in the apparent fibrous structural layer and an increase in hardness. However, there were no significant changes in elasticity and cohesion. Moreover, as the soybean seed coat content increased, the pH of TVPs decreased. A higher soybean seed coat content also tended to lower the moisture content, increasing water absorption, solids elution, and turbidity. These results suggest that an increased seed coat content reduces the proportion of protein, and the fibers present in the seed coats prevent texturization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.3
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• pp.288-299
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• 2017

This study was conducted to find out the influence of drought stress on physiological responses of Synurus deltoides. Drought stress was induced by withholding water for 25 days. Leaf water potentials were decreased of both predawn (${\Psi}_{pd}$) and mid-day (${\Psi}_{mid}$) with increasing drought stress, but water saturation dificit (WSD) was 7 times increased. ${\Psi}_{pd}-{\Psi}_{mid}$ showed the significant difference of 0.22~0.18 MPa in stressed before 10 days, and nonsignificant as treatment time became longer. A strong reduction of stomatal conductance ($gH_2O$) and stomatal transpiration rate (E) were observed after 15 days of drought stress Significant reductions of net apparent quantum yield (${\Phi}$) and maximum photosynthesis rate ($Pn_{max}$) were observed after 20 days of drought stress; However, water use efficiency (WUE) was shown the opposite trend. This implies that decrease of photosynthesis rate may be due to an inability to regulate water and $CO_2$ exchanged through the stomata. From JIP analysis, flux ratios (${\Psi}_O$ and ${\Phi}_{EO}$) and performance index on absorption basis ($PI_{ABS}$) were dramatically decreased withholding water after 15 days, which reflects the relative reduction of photosystem II activity. The leaf of S. deltoides showed osmotic adjustment of -0.35 MPa at full turgor and -0.40 MPa at zero turgor, and also cell-wall elastic adjustment of 9.4 MPa, indicating that S. deltoides tolerate drought stress through osmotic adjustment and cell-wall elastic adjustment. The degree of change in water relations parameters such as Vo/DW, Vt/DW decreased with increasing drought stress. This result showed that S. deltoides was exhibited a strong reduction of photosynthetic activity to approximately -0.93 MPa of predawn leaf water potential, and both of osmotic adjustment and cell-wall elastic adjustment in drought stress condition appears to be an important adaptation for restoration in this species.