• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.70-83
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• 2022

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is mainly caused by atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD); however, it can also occur in patients with non-atherosclerotic CAD. Conventional coronary angiography only shows the lumen of arteries, indicating the presence of stenosis or dilatation. Thus, it has limited value in evaluating the coronary artery wall and offers low specificity for diagnosing CAD. Coronary CT angiography provides additional information, including the depiction of the concerned vessel and the aorta, as well as the pulmonary artery, which permits the diagnosis of non-atherosclerotic CAD and the differentiation of various causes of the disease. In this review, we present the pathophysiology and CT imaging features of non-atherosclerotic CAD.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.32.1-32.14
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• 2024

Background: Aortic arch (AA) branching patterns vary among different mammalian species. Most previous studies have focused on dogs, whereas those on raccoon dogs remain unexplored. Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the AA branching pattern in raccoon dogs and compare their morphological features with those of other carnivores. Methods: We prepared silicone cast specimens from a total of 36 raccoon dog carcasses via retrograde injection through the abdominal aorta. The brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) branching patterns were classified based on the relationship between the left and right common carotid arteries. The subclavian artery (SB) branching pattern was examined based on the order of the four major branches: the vertebral artery (VT), costocervical trunk (CCT), superficial cervical artery (SC), and internal thoracic artery (IT). Results: In most cases (88.6%), the BCT branched off from the left common carotid artery and terminated in the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. In the remaining cases (11.4%), the BCT formed a bicarotid trunk. The SB exhibited various branching patterns, with 26 observed types. Based on the branching order of the four major branches, we identified the main branching pattern, in which the VT branched first (98.6%), the CCT branched second (81.9%), the SC branched third (62.5%), and the IT branched fourth (52.8%). Conclusions: The AA branching pattern in raccoon dogs exhibited various branching patterns with both similarities and differences compared to other carnivores.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.12 s.257
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• pp.852-855
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• 2005

A 85-day-old infant was successfully operated on for truncus arteriosus (type I) with interrupted aortic arch (type A) using one-stage anterior approach without circulatory arrest. Aortic arch was reconstructed by direct anastomosis of ascending aorta and descending aorta with regional perfusion and continuity of right ventricle to pulmonary artery was established with $Shelhigh^{circledR}$ pulmonic conduit. The patient experienced left bronchus compression by descending aorta immediately postoperatively, which was improved with positional change and physiotherapy. The patient had reoperation due to stenosis of valved conduit at 13 months later. The patient is currently well under follow-up of 14 months from initial repair.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.591-594
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• 1993

To clarify the apparent hypoplasia of the descending aorta in infants with atrioventricular septal defect[AVSD] patients, we reviewed the catheterization data and angiograms of 34 consecutive patients with AVSD less than 1 year of age who underwent repair at our institution since 1985. We compared them to 10 patients with Atrial Septal Defect[ASD] and 10 patients with Ventricular Septal Defect[VSD] who were matched for age, size and Qp/Qs. The Descending Aorta Index [DAI] of the AVSD group was not different from the VSD or ASD groups, [147.9$\pm$ 34.8 mm2/m2 versus 158.6$\pm$ 31.5 mm2/m2 and 153.2$\pm$ 43.1 mm2/m2].However, the Pulmonary Artery Index [PAI] of the AVSD group was significantly larger than the other groups [684.3$\pm$ 170.7 mm2/m2 versus 454.1$\pm$ 109.1 mm2/m2 and 534.9$\pm$ 148.4 mm2/m2][p<0.05], as was the ratio of PAI/DAI in the AVSD group [4.99$\pm$ 1.77 versus 2.89$\pm$ 0.81 and 3.6$\pm$ 0.92][p<0.05]. Despite similar Qp/Qs ratios, both the mean PA pressure and the Rp/Rs in the AVSD group was higher than the VSD and ASD groups: 43.1$\pm$ 15.6 mmHg versus 29$\pm$ 11.6 mmHg and 24$\pm$ 18.1 mmHg [p<0.05], and 0.27$\pm$ 0.22 versus 0.14$\pm$ 0.03 and 0.11$\pm$ 0.05 [p<0.05] respectively. The apparent hypoplasia of the descending aorta in infants with AVSD is an illusion created by the abnormally large pulmonary arteries, which are significantly larger than in patients with ASDs or VSDs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 1997

The effect of potassium channel openers, SKP-450, SKP-818 and lemakalim have been compared in rat heart and aorta. In rat isolated heart, SKP-450 had a greater negative inotrop ic effect than lemakalim and KR-30818 against left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and double product of heart rate and LVDP (DP). In addition, SKP-450 had a greater effect than lemakalim and KR-30818 in increasing coronary flow, indicating a more potent vasodilating effect in coronary artery. Negative inotropic effect and coronary vasodilating effect of SKP-450 and SEP-818 were significantly reduced by 10 min-perfusion with $10^{-6}M$ glyburide, a selective blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium channel. In rat aorta, SKP-30450 and SKP-30818 as well as lemakalim induced powerful concentration-dependent relaxations against norepinephrinc-induced tone ($EC_{50},\;{\mu}M$ : SKP-30450, $0.107{\pm}0.009$; SKP-30818, $0.476{\pm}0.022$ ; lemakalim, $0.565{\pm}0.039$ ). These relaxant effects were significantly reduced by pretreatment with glyburide. In sununary, SKP-30450 and SKP-30818 showed greater negative inotropic and vasorelaxant effect than lemakalim in rat aorta with order of potency of SKP-30450 > SKP-30818 > lemakalim. These actions are suggested to be mediated at least in part by a mechanism which involves the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channel.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.260-263
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• 2008

We performed three cases of extraanatomic bypass graft for treating adult coarctation. Two cases of left subclavian artery to descending aorta bypass graft were done via left thoracotomy for treating 2 patients who had extensive aortic occlusive disease. One case of ascending aorta to descending aorta bypass graft and aortic valve replacement was done via median sternotomy for a patient who had combined arch hypoplasia and aortic valve regurgitation. One patient was reoperated on for aneurysm rupture of an anastomosis site four months after the first operation and two patients have had no specific problems during and after their operations.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1690-1696
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• 2021

Objective: To describe the anatomic locations and imaging features of posterior lung herniation in unilateral pulmonary agenesis and aplasia, focusing on radiograph-CT/MRI correlation. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 patients (seven with pulmonary agenesis and three with pulmonary aplasia, male: female = 1:9, mean age 7.3 years, age range from 1 month to 20 years) were included. Chest radiographs (n = 9), CT (n = 9), and MRI (n = 1) were reviewed to assess the type of lung underdevelopment, presence of anterior and posterior lung herniation, bronchus origin, supplying artery, and draining vein of the herniated lung. Results: Pulmonary agenesis/aplasia more commonly affected the left lung (n = 7) than the right lung (n = 3). Anterior lung herniation was observed in nine of the 10 patients. Posterior lung herniation was observed in seven patients with left pulmonary agenesis/aplasia. Two patients showed posterior lung herniation crossing the midline but not beyond the aorta, and five patients showed the posteriorly herniated right lower lobe crossing the midline to extend into the left hemithorax farther beyond the descending thoracic aorta through the space between the esophagus and the aorta. This anatomical configuration resulted in a characteristic radiographic finding of a radiolucent area with a convex lateral border and a vertical medial border in the left lower lung zone, revealing a tongue-like projection on CT and MRI. Conclusion: Posterior lung herniation occurs in unilateral left lung agenesis/aplasia. Approximately 70% of the cases of posterior lung herniation reveal a unique radiolucent tongue-like projection in the left lower lung zone on imaging studies, which is caused by the extension of the posteriorly herniated right lung farther beyond the descending aorta.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.393-404
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• 1999

We have reported that hypoxia stimulates EDRF(s) release from endothelial cells and the release may be augmented by previous hypoxia. As a mechanism, it was hypothesized that reoxygenation can stimulate EDRF(s) release from endothelial cells and we tested the hypothesis via bioassay experiment. In the bioassay experiment, rabbit aorta with endothelium was used as EDRF donor vessel and rabbit carotid artery without endothelium as a bioassay test ring. The test ring was contracted by prostaglandin $F_{2a}\;(3{\times}10^{-6}\;M)$ which was added to the solution perfusing through the aorta. Hypoxia was evoked by switching the solution aerated with 95% $O_2/5%\;CO_2$ mixed gas to one aerated with 95% $O_2/5%\;CO_2$ mixed gas. Hypoxia/reoxygenation were interexchanged at intervals of 2 minutes (intermittent hypoxia). In some experiments, endothelial cells were exposed to 10-minute hypoxia (continuous hypoxia) and then exposed to reoxygenation and intermittent hypoxia. In other experiments, the duration of reoxygenation was extended from 2 minutes to 5 minutes. When the donor aorta was exposed to intermittent hypoxia, hypoxia stimulated EDRF(s) release from endothelial cells and the hypoxia-induced EDRF(s) release was augmented by previous hypoxia/reoxygenation. When the donor aorta was exposed to continuous hypoxia, there was no increase of hypoxia-induced EDRF(s) release during hypoxia. But, after the donor aorta was exposed to reoxygenation, hypoxia-induced EDRF(s) release was markedly increased. When the donor aorta was pretreated with nitro-L-arginine $(10^{-5}$ M for 30 minutes), the initial hypoxia-induced EDRF(s) release was almost completely abolished, but the mechanism for EDRF(s) release by the reoxygenation and subsequent hypoxia still remained to be clarified. TEA also blocked incompletely hypoxia-induced and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced EDRF(s) release. EDRF(s) release by repetitive hypoxia and reoxygenation was completely blocked by the combined treatment with nitro-L-arginine and TEA. Cytochrome P450 blocker, SKF-525A, inhibited the EDRF(s) release reversibly and endothelin antgonists, BQ 123 and BQ 788, had no effect on the release of endothelium-derived vasoactive factors. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase inhibited the EDRF(s) release from endothelial cells. From these data, it could be concluded that reoxygenation stimulates EDRF(s) release and hypoxia/reoxygenation can release not only NO but also another EDRF from endothelial cells by the production of oxygen free radicals.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.585-590
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• 2001

The hemodynamic characteristics were compared using commercial CFD code for the stenosed coronary and abdominal arteries. Numerical calculations were carried out in the axisymmetric arteries over the stenotic diameter ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.875 (6 cases) employing the typical physiological flow conditions. In case of the coronary artery, there was only one recirculation zone observed distal to the stenosis throat during the major portion of the period. However, in case of the abdominal aorta, there were complex recirculation regions found proximal and distal to stenosis throat. For both models, the wall shear stresses(WSS) increased sharply in the converging stenosis, reaching a peak just upstream of the throat, and became negative or low values in the post-stenotic recirculation region. As the results, the oscillatory shear index(OSI) was abruptly increased at the stenosis throat. For the coronary stenosis model, the second peak in the OSI was observed distal to the stenosis. The distance between the first peak and the second peak was increased as the degree of the stenosis was raised. On the orther hand, the abdominal stenosis model showed a complex oscillatory behavior in the OSI index and did not showed such a strong second peak. As the degree of stenosis was increased, recirculation regions of the both arteries were extended much longer and flow pattern became more complex.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.302-306
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• 1981

Aorticopulmonary window is a rare anomaly among congenital heart disease. Various terms have been suggested including A-P window, A-P fenestration, fistula, aorticseptal defect etc. The defect lies usually between the left side of the ascending aorta and right wall of the pulmonary artery just anterior to the origin of the right main pulmonary artery. We have experienced one case of aorticopulmonary septal defect which was diagnosed as V5D with pulmonary hypertension in 1 4/12 year old, 7.2 Kg, male patient. Operation was done under the hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass using 5t. Thomas cardioplegic solution. Vertical right ventriculotomy over the anterior wall of RVOT revealed no defect in the ventricular septum, and incision was extended up to the main pulmonary artery to find the source of massive regurgitation of blood through MPA. Finger tip compression of the aorticopulmanary window was replaced with Foley bag catheter balloon, and the $7{\times}10$ mm aorticoseptal defect located 15mm above the pulmonic valve was sutured continuously wih 3-0 nylon suture during azygos flow of cardiopulmonary cannula which was located distal to the window resulted massive air pumping systemically, and temporary reversal of pumping was tried to minimize cerebral air embolism. Remained procedure was done as usual, and pump off was smooth and uneventful. Postoperatively, patient was attacked frequent opistotonic seizure with no recovery sign mentally and p.hysically. Vital signs were gradually worsen with peripheral cyanosis and oliguria, and cardiac activity was arrested 1485 minutes after operation. Autopsy was performed to find the sutured window and massive edema of the brain.