• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2022

The current Covid-19 pandemic has changed the entire world and bought so many unprecedented challenges to the scientific community. More than 5 million people died due to the SARS-COV-2 outbreak. For many thousands of years, ginseng, the traditional herb has been used for various infectious diseases by traditional healers. Ginseng showed promising antiviral effects by modulating both natural and acquired immunity. Ginseng might be used as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection along with the vaccine. In this current review, we offer an alternative approach for SARS-COV-2 prevention during this unprecedented pandemic.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2018

Coxsackievirus Type B3 (CVB3) is an enterovirus that belongs to the Picornaviridae and causes various diseases such as myocarditis and hand-foot-mouth disease. However, an effective antiviral drug is still not developed. In this study, we looked for potential inhibitors of CVB3 replication by examining the survival of CVB3-infected HeLa cells. We detected an antiviral effect by cholic acid and identified it as a candidate inhibitor of CVB3 replication. Cholic acid circulates in the liver and intestines, and it helps the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine. HeLa cells were cultured in 12-well plates and treated with cholic acid (1 and $10{\mu}g/ml$) and $10^6PFU/ml$ of CVB3. After 16 h post-infection, the cells were lysed and subjected to western blot analysis and RT-PCR. The production of the viral capsid protein VP1 was dramatically decreased, and translation initiation factor eIF4G1 cleavage was significantly inhibited by treatment with $10{\mu}g/ml$ cholic acid. Moreover, cholic acid inhibited ERK signaling in CVB3-infected HeLa cells. RT-PCR showed that the amounts of the CVB3 RNA genome and mRNA for the ER stress-related transcription factor ATF4 were significantly reduced. These results showed that cholic acid strongly reduced ER stress and CVB3 proliferation. This compound can be developed as a safe natural therapeutic agent for enterovirus infections.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.72-76
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• 2016

골화석증은 골격의 경화증이 특징적으로 나타나는 드문 유전 질환으로 뼈 흡수 기전에 손상이 오며 조기 사망하는 질환이다. 반면 거대세포바이러스 감염은 가장 흔한 선천성 감염 중 하나로 빈혈, 혈소판 감소증과 간비장종대, 뇌 석회화 등이 나타날 수 있다. 심한 간비비대, 혈소판 감소증 및 저칼슘혈증과 발달지연으로 내원한 환자에서 두 가지 질환이 함께 있어 항바이러스제 치료 및 대증치료를 시행하였고, 치료 반응이 빠르게 나타나지는 않았으나 지속적인 치료 결과 대부분의 수치가 정상화 되는 것을 확인하였다. 본 증례는 골화석증 신생아에게 동반된 거대세포바이러스 감염의 첫 증례 보고로, 거대세포바이러스 감염에 대한 항바이러스제의 장기 치료로 호전된 사례이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.391-396
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• 2018

It is well known that Korean red ginseng has various biological activities. However, there is little knowledge about the antiviral activity of Korean red ginseng and its ginsenosides. In this study, we addressed whether oral administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 and -Rg3 is able to protect against rotavirus (RV) infection. The protective effect of ginsenosides against RV infection was examined using an in vivo experiment model in which newborn mice (10-day-old) were inoculated perorally (p.o.) with $1.5{\times}10^6$ plaque-forming units/mouse of RV strain SA11. When various dosages of ginsenoside-Rb2 (25-250 mg/kg) were administered 3days, 2 days, or 1 day before virus challenge, treatment with this ginsenoside at the dosage of 75 mg/kg 3days before virus infection most effectively reduced RV-induced diarrhea. In addition, consecutive administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 (75 mg/kg) at 3 days, 2 days, and 1 day before virus infection was more effective than single administration on day -3. The consecutive administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 also reduced virus titers in the bowels of RV-infected mice. In an experiment to compare the protective activity between ginsenoside-Rb2 and its two hydrolytic products (20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3), 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, but not 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3, prevented RV infection. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb2 and its hydrolytic product, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, are promising candidates as an antiviral agent to protect against RV infection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2008

The potential of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) from a Serratia sp. strain Gsm01 as an antiviral agent against a yellow strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y) was evaluated in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc). The spray treatment of plants using an EPS preparation, 72h before CMV-Y inoculation, protected them against symptom appearance. Fifteen days after challenge inoculation with CMV-Y, 33.33% of plants showed mosaic symptoms in EPS-treated plants compared with 100% in the control plants. The EPS-treated plants, which showed mosaic symptoms, appeared three days later than the controls. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of the leaves of the protected plants revealed that the EPS treatment affected virus accumulation in those plants. Analysis of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, and phenols in protected plants revealed enhanced accumulation of these substances. The pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression represented by PR-lb was increased in EPS-treated plants. This is the first report of a systemic induction of protection triggered by EPS produced by Serratia sp. against CMV-Y.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2017

Lamivudine belongs to the set of antiviral agents effective against hepatitis B virus infection. Given case reports on liver injuries after certain antiviral agent treatments, this study examined the effects of lamivudine on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TB) using a medical system database. A total of 1,321 patients taking lamivudine alone or with others were evaluated using laboratory hits in an electronic medical system at Seoul National University Hospital from 2005 through 2011. The patients were grouped according to prior ALT results: G#1, ALT < 40 IU/L; G#2, 40 IU/L ${\leq}$ ALT < 120 IU/L; G#3, 120 IU/L ${\leq}$ ALT < 240 IU/L; and G#4, ALT ${\geq}$ 240 IU/L. In G#1 and G#2 patients, lamivudine or adefovir treatment decreased ALT and TB compared to prior values. In G#3 and G#4 patients with three times the upper limit of normal (ULN) ${\leq}$ ALT < 15 times the ULN, both ALT and TB were decreased after treatment with lamivudine alone, or adefovir following lamivudine therapy, indicating that lamivudine therapy ameliorated liver functions. However, in G#4 patients who experienced severely advanced hepatitis (ALT ${\geq}$ 15 times the ULN, or ${\geq}$ 600 IU/L), lamivudine augmented TBmax ($6.3{\rightarrow}13.3mg/dL$) despite a slight improvement in ALT ($839{\rightarrow}783IU/L$), indicative of exacerbation of bilirubinemia. Patients who used adefovir after lamivudine also showed a high incidence of hyperbilirubinemia when they experienced severely advanced hepatitis. Treatment with adefovir alone did not show the effect. In conclusion, lamivudine may increase the risk of hyperbilirubinemia in patients with severely advanced hepatitis, implying that caution should be exercised when using lamivudine therapy in certain patient populations.

• 식물병연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2021

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), the most prevalent virus in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), negatively affects chili pepper production in South Korea. In this study, foliar spraying with β-glucans obtained from the mycelial walls of the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans inhibited CMV infection of chili pepper if applied before virus inoculation. At three concentrations, β-glucans from A. pullulans significantly ameliorated CMV symptoms in treated chili pepper; the effect was greater in plants treated with 0.01% β-glucans than 0.005% or 0.001% β-glucans. Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that these β-glucans treatments resulted in 1.7- to 10-fold reductions in CMV accumulation in the treated chili pepper. The glucans did not act directly on the virus and did not interfere with virus disassembly or replication. Foliar spraying with 0.01% β-glucans from A. pullulans at 24 hr intervals for 3 days significantly increased plant height, the total number of fruit, and the fresh weight of chili pepper fruit. However, the stem diameter of chili pepper treated with β-glucans did not increase significantly. These results indicate that foliar spraying with β-glucans from A. pullulans acts an antiviral agent against CMV infection and stimulates chili pepper growth.

• 공업화학
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.479-487
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• 2023

구리(Cu)는 저렴한 비용으로 용이하게 도입이 가능하여 다양한 소재 표면에 살균 코팅제로 쓰이고 있다. 자연적 산화 반응이 구리의 효능을 손상시키지 않아 장기간 노출 조건에서도 항균 성능을 유지할 수 있다. 더 나아가 구리 화합물은 그람 음성균 및 그람 양성균 뿐만 아니라, 병원성 효모, 외피 보유 및 외피 미보유 타입의 바이러스에 대해 모두 폭넓은 살균 효과를 보인다. 구리 코팅 표면의 접촉 살균은 구리의 침투로 단백질 변성을 일으키고 세포막 손상으로 뉴클레오티드 및 세포질 등의 내용물이 용출되게 한다. 또한 구리 산화환원 활성에 의한 활성 산소종 생성으로 효소작용을 억제하고 DNA를 파괴하여 세포를 영구적으로 손상시킨다. 구리는 안정한 금속 성질 때문에 나노입자, 이온, 복합물, 합금 등의 여러 형태로 쓰이고 있으며 코팅 방법이 다양하다. 본 총설에서는 구리 이온과 구리 산화물의 대표적인 표면 도입 방법을 살펴보고 구리 산화수에 따른 항균·항바이러스 특성을 다루고자 한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7045-7056
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• 2013

Since the first report of RNA interference (RNAi) less than a decade ago, this type of molecular intervention has been introduced to repress gene expression in vitro and also for in vivo studies in mammals. Understanding the mechanisms of action of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) underlies use as therapeutic agents in the areas of cancer and viral infection. Recent studies have also promoted different theories about cell-specific targeting of siRNAs. Design and delivery strategies for successful treatment of human diseases are becomingmore established and relationships between miRNA and RNAi pathways have been revealed as virus-host cell interactions. Although both are well conserved in plants, invertebrates and mammals, there is also variabilityand a more complete understanding of differences will be needed for optimal application. RNA interference (RNAi) is rapid, cheap and selective in complex biological systems and has created new insight sin fields of cancer research, genetic disorders, virology and drug design. Our knowledge about the role of miRNAs and siRNAs pathways in virus-host cell interactions in virus infected cells is incomplete. There are different viral diseases but few antiviral drugs are available. For example, acyclovir for herpes viruses, alpha-interferon for hepatitis C and B viruses and anti-retroviral for HIV are accessible. Also cancer is obviously an important target for siRNA-based therapies, but the main problem in cancer therapy is targeting metastatic cells which spread from the original tumor. There are also other possible reservations and problems that might delay or even hinder siRNA-based therapies for the treatment of certain conditions; however, this remains the most promising approach for a wide range of diseases. Clearly, more studies must be done to allow efficient delivery and better understanding of unwanted side effects of siRNA-based therapies. In this review miRNA and RNAi biology, experimental design, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects are discussed.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2009

알래스카산 낙엽진흙버섯[Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill] (syn. Phellinus pini)의 자실체 조분쇄물로부터 $100^{\circ}C$에서 4시간 추출하여 건량 수율 20.5%의 건조 분말 열수추출물을 제조하여, HeLa 세포에서 CVB3에 대한 항바이러스 활성을 조사한 결과 plaque 형성을 현저히 억제하였다. 또한, 다른 여러 가지 버섯 추출물에 비해 neuraminidase 활성 저해능이 가장 높았다. 열수 추출물로부터 75% 에탄올 침전으로 건량 수율 28.3%의 저분자 상등액 건조물(ES)과 수율 43.3%의 고분자 침전물 건조물(EP)을 얻었다. 상등액인 ES에서는 항바이러스 활성이 없었지만, 침전물인 EP는 HeLa 세포에서 CVB3바이러스에 대해 농도 의존적으로 plaque 형성을 현저히 억제하였고, $EC_{50}$은 0.45 mg/mL 이었으며, HeLa 세포에 대한 세포독성 $CC_{50}$은 2.25mg/mL 이었다. 또한, EP는 neureminidase 활성을 농도 의존적으로 저해하였으며, 1.7mg/mL에서 약 75%의 효소활성 억제효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 낙엽진흙버섯 자실체의 별수추출물로부터 얻어진 에탄을 침전물 EP가 CVB3 뿐만 아니라, influenza virus(Flu)등에 대해서도 광범위하게 항바이러스 활성을 나타낼 가능성을 보여 주었다. EP는 다당류로서 glucose의 함량이 79.8%로 가장 높았고 galactose, xylose, mannose와 fucose를 소량 포함한 수용성 heteroglycan의 일종으로, 소량(12.7%, w/w)의 단백질 또는 작은 펩타이드를 함유한 당단백의 일종일 것으로 사료된다.