• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.499-512
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate effects of dried leaf powders, water, 75% and 95% ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf and green tea on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity in 12-month-old rats. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 542$\pm$4.5g were blocked into groups according to their body weight and were raised for four weeks with the diets containing 5%(w/w) dried leaf powders of persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb) and green tea(Camellia Sinensis O. Ktze), water or 75% and 95% ethanol extracts from same amount of each dried tea powder. Food intake was not significantly different among all groups, but weight gain of green tea powder group was significantly lower than that of control group. Plasma and liver lipid levels of all the tea diet groups were lower than those of control group. Especially, 75% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf decreased total lipid and triglyceride concentrations in plasma and 95% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf decreased liver total lipid level. However, there was no difference between 75% ethanol extracts groups and 95% ethanol extracts groups in lipid metabolism. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities in erythrocyte were remarkably increased by all the green tea diets. SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in liver were increased by the feeding of ethanol extracts from green tea and persimmon leaf powder. Liver xanthine oxidase activity was not different among all groups. Plasma Thiobarbirutic acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the green tea diet groups were significantly low. It was thought that high flavonoids in green tea inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation by promoting SOD, catalase activities in erythrocyte. 95% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf also inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation by high vitamin E and beta-carotene. Persimmon leaf powder decreased liver TBARS concentration by vitamin E, betacarotene and vitamin C and by increasing activities of antioxidative enzymes with flavonoids. In conclusion, dried leaf powders, water, 75% and 95% ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf and green tea were effective in lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in 12-month-old rats. Above all, ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf decreased plasma and liver lipid levels and persimmon leaf powder effectively inhibited liver lipid peroxidation. Extracts of green tea leaf inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation. In lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, ethanol extracts were more effective than water extracts, but there was no difference between 75% ethanol extracts and 95% ethanol extracts in lipid metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 499~512, 2001)

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.367-371
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• 2013

2,2'-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ($DPPH^{\cdot}$) assay와 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ($ABTS^+$) decolorization assay는 자연상태의 플라보노이드와 이소플라보노이드의 항산화 활성을 확인하는데 사용된다. 억제중간값(half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values)과 트롤록스당량 항산화능값(trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values)은 $DPPH^{\cdot}$ assay와 $ABTS^+$ assay로 계산되었다. DPPH assay 결과, 쿼세틴(quercetin)은 가장 강한 항산화 능력을 가졌고 뒤이어 피세틴(fisetin), 7,8-디하이드록시플라본(7,8-dihydroxyflavone), 모린(morin), 캠퍼롤(kaempferol) 순이었다. 쿼세틴, 피세틴, 7,8-디하이드록시플라본은 부틸하이드록시 아니솔(butyl hydroxyl anisole)보다 더 높은 항산화 능력을 가졌다. 쿼세틴은 플라보노이드와 이소플로보노이드 중에서 TEAC 값이 가장 높았고 뒤이어 3-하이드록시플로본(3-hydroxyflavone), 피세틴, 7,8-디하이드록시플라본과 모린 순이었다. 다른 나머지 플라보노이드와 이소플라보노이드는 트롤록스 보다 더 약한 $ABTS^+$ 분해능력(scavenging potential)을 가졌다. 테스트된 13개 플라보노이드/이소플라보노이드에서 이소플라보노이드는 플라보노이드보다 매우 약한 항산화 능력을 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.1249-1256
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• 2010

제주, 전남 고흥, 경북 울릉도에 자생하는 식물자원 40종을 대상으로 고압용매 추출하여 항산화 활성과 항균활성을 측정하여, 식품산업에 응용할 천연소재를 탐색하였다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 짚신나물이 174.4 mg GAE/g로 자생식물 중 가장 높았고, 다음으로 물참나무, 서어나무, 붉나무가 각각 116.9, 113.3, 108.2 mg GAE/g로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총고형분 함량에 대한 총 페놀 함량의 비율은 짚신나물이 72.6%로 가장 높았고, 서어나무(47.3%), 물참나무(46.4%), 자금우(40.2%), 바늘꽃(40.1%) 순으로 높은 비율을 나타내었다. 수용성 항산화 능력은 마가목이 5.81 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 나도송이풀, 붉나무, 물참나무, 서어나무가 각각 3.96, 3.63, 3.63, 3.34 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g를 나타내었다. 지용성 항산화 능력은 서어나무가 8.51 mmol Trolox equivalents/g로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 마가목, 세잎이질풀, 물참나무, 바늘꽃, 섬기린초가 각각 6.57, 5.68, 3.85, 3.83, 3.69 mmol Trolox equivalents/g를 나타내었다. 국내 자생식물 40종 추출물에 대하여 4종의 양식 넙치 질병 세균에 대한 항균활성을 측정한 결과 9종 즉, 바늘꽃, 독활, 짚신나물, 물참나무, 나도송이풀, 세잎이질풀, 서어나무, 섬기린초, 섬바디 만이 항균활성을 나타내었다. 짚신나물은 S. iniae에 대하여 높은 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 독활, 나도송이풀, 섬바디는 S. parauberis과 S. iniae에 대하여, 물참나무, 세잎이질풀, 서어나무는 V. ordalii에 대하여 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.301-314
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• 2005

Objective: Rebamipide is a propionic acid derivative that has an action of the inhibition of superoxide production and removal of hydroxyl radical with the sperm incubation and cryopreservation. In the present study, to investigate whether rebamipide is useful to treat male infertility and sterility, the author observed the antioxidative effects in patient with male infertility and also examined its absorption and distribution in rat genital organ. Methods: To measure the distribution of rebamipide in reproductive organ in the rat, carbon indicated rebamipide, $^{14}C-OPC-12759$, was orally administered to 10 Spraque-Dawley rats and its organ concentration in serum, liver, kidney, stomach, duodenum, colon, urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, epididymis and testicle were measured each time after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours by using HPLC fluorescent method. The concentrations in semen were measured by HPLC fluorescent method in a sample of 50 infertile males who took 900 mg of rebamipide daily for 3 months. To measure the antioxidative effect and fertility rate for 3 months, each month before and after the treatment, sperm motility, vitality, the oxygen free radical formation, level of peroxidation, fetilizing capacity of semen sample which were obtained from infertile male patients by masturbation after at least 48 hours abstinence were analyzed by computer assisted semen analyzer, eosin-nigrosin stain, chemiluminescence, thiobarbituric acid method and hypo-osmotic swelling test. Simultaneously in a sample that wanted baby, both pregnancy and delivery were researched. Results: The $^{14}C-OPC-12759$ concentration in the body of white rats was highest in gastrointestinal organ like stomach, smal intestine and duodenum and followed by genital organ like seminal vesicle, testis and epididymis. The rebamipide concentration in semen of infertile males was $220.77{\pm}327.84ng/mL$ (SD) which showed a large deviation but it was higher than serum which was $126{\pm}76ng/mL$ (SD). In the infertile males, after the treatment with rebamipide, the level of seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation have significantly decreased in duration of the treatment (p<0.05) and sperm vitality and fertilizing capacity except sperm motility significantly improved on post treatment of 2~3 months (p<0.05). Out of the 41 cases who hoped for pregnancy, 15 cases (36.6%) became pregnant and 12 cases had childbrith, 2 cases had miscarriage and one case is ongoing. The side effect was observed in 1 case (2%) which experienced diarrhea but it was lost spontaneously. Conclusions: We conclude from this study that rebamipide showed relatively high tendancy of absorption and excretion in the genital organ. In infertile males who had elevated ROS in semen, by specifically inhibiting the cell damage from the antioxidation, a way to preserve sperm motility, vitality and fertilizing capacity was confirmed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.559-565
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 전통적 명태식해를 제조한 다음 저장.숙성조건에 따른 명태식해의 항균성, 항산화성, 항고혈압성 및 항콜레스테롤성 등의 생리적 기능특성에 대해 조사하였다. 항균성에서는 9종의 균주에 대해 모두 항균작용이 있는 것으로 나타났으며 , 이중 gram 양성균에 대해 Listeria monocytogenes를 제외하고 저장 직후에 항균활성이 나타났으며, 모든 gram 양성균에 대해 전 저장기간 동안 항균활성이 확인되었고, Staphylococcus aureus에 대해 강한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 반면에 gram 음성균 및 진균류에 대해서는 항균활성 이 gram 양성균에 비해 약하였다. 항산화성은 저장.숙성조건에 따라 모두 관능적으로 맛이 우수한 15~16일 경에 가장 강한 항산화활성을 나타내었으며, 그 후로는 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 항고혈압성은 명태식해 제조직후를 제외하고는 모든 저장.숙성조건에서 항고혈압활성이 나타났으며, 항콜레스테롤성은 2$0^{\circ}C$ 15일과 변온 16일에서만 항콜레스테롤활성이 검출되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 할 때 전통적인 방법에 따라 제조된 명태식해는 김치류와 같은 우수한 생리적 기능성을 가지고 있었으며, 명태식해의 유통기간 연장을 위한 변온조건에서도 그 생리적 기능성이 계속해서 유지됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.633-644
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate effect of dried powders and ethanol extracts of garlic flesh and peel on antioxidative capacity in 16-month- old rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 618.1$\pm$6.5g were blocked into five groups according to body weight and raised for 3 months with experimental diets containing 5% (w/w) of dried powders of garlic flesh or peel, or ethanol extracts from equal amount of each dried powder. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, /3 -carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were determined in garlic preparations. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in plasma, liver and VLDL + LDL fraction, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine, 80HdG) in kidney, xanthine oxidase (XO) activities in plasma and liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocyte and liver, and carotenoid concentration, and total antioxidant status (TAS) in plasma were measured. Total polyphenols and flavonoids contents in garlic preparations were highest in peel ethanol extract. Vitamin C content was not different significantly among preparations, but peel powder contains slightly more vitamin C. The content of $\beta$-carotene was highest in peel ethanol extract and vitmain E content was highest in flesh ethanol extract. The highest level of TAS was observed in peel ethanol extract. Plasma TBARS levels in all the experimental groups were found to be significantly lower than control group, and TBARS concentration in VLDL + LDL fraction was decreased in all the experimental groups in comparison to control group. Also levels of 80HdG in kidney in experimental groups were lower than that of control group. Plasma and liver XO activities were. decreased in all experimental groups, and erythrocyte and liver SOD activities were higher in experimental groups compared to control group. All experimental groups also showed higher plasma TAS levels than control group. Especially, garlic flesh powder group was significantly lower in plasma and liver XO activities, and significantly higher in erythrocyte and liver SOD activities than control group. Moreover, plasma TBARS level and kidney 8OHdG level were decreased in flesh powder group. In conclusion, garlic diets showed effect of improving antioxidative capacity in 16-month old rats, especially, garlic flesh powder was prominent in inhibiting XO activity, promoting SOD activity and decreasing kidney 8OHdG level among experimental groups.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2018

Chrysoeriol은 alfalfa에서 주로 발견되는, 식물계에 많이 분포하고 있는 flavone으로 전통의학에서 소화불량, 천식, 비뇨기계 이상의 치료에 사용되어 왔다. 최근의 연구에서는 항염증 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌으나 항산화 효과에 대한 분석은 없었다. 본 연구에서는 chrysoeriol의 항산화 효과와 그 분자적 기전을 RAW 264.7 cell에서 세포생존율, reactive oxygen species (ROS)와 Western blot분석을 통해 알아보고자 하였다. Chrysoeriol은 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)에 의해 발생한 ROS를 세포독성없이 농도의존적으로 제거하였다. 그리고 항산화효과를 보이는 2상 효소 중 하나인 heme oxygenase (HO)-1의 발현을 강하게 유도하였고, 그와 동시에 전사인자인 Nrf2의 핵내 이동도 촉진하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히, 산화스트레스에 대한 세포내 산화환원항상성 유지에 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 것으로 알려진 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)와 phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)의 분석결과, chrysoeriol은 extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)와 p38의 인산화를 통해 HO-1의 발현을 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. HO-1에 의한 항산화 효과를 확인하기 위하여 chrysoeriol을 전처리한 후 t-BHP에 의한 산화 스트레스에 세포를 노출시킨 결과, chrysoeriol 처리에 의해 세포사멸이 줄어드는 것을 확인하였고, HO-1의 유도제와 억제제의 처리에 따라 세포생존율 또한 조절되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, chrysoeriol은 HO-1의 발현을 유도하여 항산화 효과를 높이고 이것은 Nrf2/MAPK 신호전달 체계에 의한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2005

검정콩에 함유되어 있는 성분들 중 주요 항산화 원인물질을 구명학기 위하여 청자콩의 isoflavone, 토코페롤, phenolic acids 및 안토시아닌의 함량을 측정하였다. 그 결과 genistein이 43.86mg%, daidzein이 31.73mg% 함유되어 있었으며, 토코페롤 함량은 ${\alpha}$-토코페롤이 1.99mg%, ${\beta}$-토코페롤 0.47mg%, ${\gamma}$-토코페롤 10.68mg%, ${\dalta}$-토코페롤 3.95mg%이 함유되어 있었다. 11종류의 phenolic acids에서는 benzoic(126.70mg%)>p-coumaric(67.68)>salicylic(59.40)>gentisic(43.19)>ferulic(16.57)>syringic(15.04)>chlorogenic(8.00)>caffeic(4.53)>vanillic(2.82)>p-OH benzoic(2.47)>trans-cinnamic acid(1.00)의 순으로 함유되어 있었으며, 검정콩 종피에 함유되어 있는 안토시아닌을 측정한 결과 delphinidin 3-glucoside가 1.42, cyanidin 3-glucoside 5.77 및 petunidin 3-glucoside가 0.30mg/g이었다. 검정콩에 함유되어 있는 항산화 물질들 (안토시아닌, isoflavone, phenolic acids 및 토코페롤)을 검정콩에 들어있는 함량과 비례하도록 조제하여 TEAC법으로 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과, genistein, gentisic acid, ${\gamma}$-토코페롤, 안토시아닌의 항산화 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 네 종류의 항산화 물질들의 시너지 효과를 분석한 결과, 이들은 서로 시너지 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 특히 안토시아닌을 혼합할 때 시너지 효과가 가장 높게 나타나 검정콩의 항산화 효과에 안토시아닌이 크게 관여하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2023

Purpose : Cymbopogon citratus, also known as lemongrass, has widely spread around the world and its essential oil is usually applied in food, perfume, and other industrial purposes. In addition, C. citratus has also been used for the treatment of inflammation, digestive disorders, and diabetes in traditional medicine. In this study, the antioxidative activity of C. citratus ethanol extract (CCEE) was analyzed in RAW 264.7 cells through the induction of one of phase II enzymes, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 by nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf)2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Methods : The antioxidative activity of CCEE against oxidative stress and its underlying molecular mechanisms were analyzed by the cell viability assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation assay, and Western blot analysis in RAW 264.7 cells. Results : The results exhibited that CCEE potently attenuated tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced intracellular ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity. CCEE treatment significantly induced the expression of HO-1 which is known for its antioxidative capacity. In addition, CCEE treatment significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2, a corresponding transcription factor for the regulation of antioxidative enzymes, which was in accordance with the HO-1 overexpression. MAPK and PI3K/Akt were also evaluated for their important roles in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis against oxidative damage. As a result, the potent HO-1 expression was mediated by not extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), p38, but phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation. To confirm the antioxidative activity of CCEE-induced HO-1 expression, oxidative damage was initiated by t-BHP and attenuated by CCEE treatment, which was identified by HO-1 selective inhibitor and inducer. Conclusion : Consequently, CCEE potently induced the HO-1-mediated antioxidative potential through the modulation of Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that CCEE could be a promising strategy for the mitigation against cellular oxidative damage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.320-322
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• 2002

The antioxidative capacity of Monascus koji was studied in raw bologna-type sausage by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide values (POV) during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The addition of 2% Monascus koji effectively inhibited lipid oxidation in the mixture without vitamin C and NaNO$_2$, evidenced by its prevention of an increase in TBARS and a significantly reduction in increases in POV. Monascus koji in raw minced processed meat significantly improved the shelf life of the food.