• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.270-270
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• 2017

Brown rice flour (BRF) was treated with different carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Termamyl, Celluclast, AMG, Ultraflo, and Pentopan), and then aqueous alcoholic extracts (70% ethanol) from the treated RBF were examined for their phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity). All the carbohydrases tested induced significant increases in ABTS radical scavenging activity (2.1-3.0 times). Moreover, These enzymes increased the amount of extractable free phenolic acids by 10-15 times, especially for ferulic and p-coumaric acid. Among the enzymes tested, Pentopan which was active in arabinoxylan hydrolysis appeared to be most effective in increasing the free phenolic acid content and ABTS radical scavenging activity than other enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides in BRF could be used as an effective procedure for raising the amount of extractable phenolic acids and thus increasing the antioxidant activity of BRF extract.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-adipogenic activity of esculetin (ECT) which is reported to be attributable to the modulation of antioxidant enzymes during adipogenesis. After six days of ECT treatment of 3T3-L1 cells, lipid accumulation was determined by Oil red O staining. The levels of glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase were examined. In addition, the protein expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was measured by Western blot. ECT significantly inhibited lipid accumulation by approximately 80% and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. GSH level and GPx activity were increased by ECT by approximately 1.3-fold and 1.7-fold compared to the control group, respectively. GCLC and HO-1 expression were elevated by ECT. These results showed that ECT treatments strongly inhibit adipogenesis, increase GSH level, and upregulate the expression of GCLC and HO-1, possibly by decreasing ROS production in 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenesis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.572-577
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• 1998

A soluble protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides protection against a thiol-containing oxidation system but not against an oxidation system without thiol. This 25-kDa protein acts as a peroxidase but requires the NADPH-dependent thioredoxin system or a thiol-containing intermediate, and was thus named thioredoxin peroxidase. The protective role of thioredoxin peroxidase against ionizing radiation, which generates reactive oxygen species harmful tocellular function, was investigated in wild-type and mutant yeast strains in which the tsa gene encoding thioredoxin peroxidase was disrupted by homologous recombination. Upon exposure to ionizing radiation, there was a distinct difference between these two strains in regard to viability and the level of protein carbonyl content, which is the indicative marker of oxidative damage to protein. Activities of other antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase were increased at 200-600 Gy of irradiation in wild-type cells. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were not significantly changed by ionizing radiation in thioredoxin peroxidase-deficient mutant cells. These results suggest that thioredoxin peroxidase acts as an antioxidant enzyme in cellular defense against ionizing radiation through the removal of reactive oxygen species as well as in the protection of antioxidant enzymes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.384-391
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of swimming training and cholesterol diet on the activation of hepatic antioxidant enzymes and serum lipid in Sprague Dawley rats(24 weeks of age). They were divided into five groups which were made up of normal-diet detraining group(C), 2% cholesterol-diet detraining group(CC), 2% cholesterol-diet swimming training groups which were classified according to their training time(CSA: 12min, CSB:8min, CSC:4min). They were given normal diet for the first 6weeks and then, separated normal-dietary and 2% cholesterol-dietary for 14 weeks. During these periods, 10 weeks’ swimming training was performed after 4 weeks later. And then we analyzed blood and liver by decapitating those rats. Swimming training showed a tendency to increase the activation of GSH-peroxidase, Nonprotein-SH and malondialdehyde, and decrease total- cholesterol, LSL-C/HDL-C and VLDL significantly. Whereas, cholesterol diet which has no training showed decrease the activation of hepatic antioxodant enzymes, and increase total-cholesterol and LDL-C/HDL-C absolutely. These results suggest that swimming training should stimulate the activation of hepatic antioxidant enzymes and decrease total-cholestrol even if they had cholesterol diet.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

Cadmium (Cd) and tributyltin (TBT) are common contaminants of marine and freshwater ecosystems, and can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS can, in turn, cause oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated time-related effects of Cd (0.05 and 0.1 ppm) and TBT (5 and 10 ppb) treatment on antioxidant enzyme activity, i.e., the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills and digestive glands of the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii. In addition, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) concentrations, lysozyme activity, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels were measured in the hemolymph. We found that Cd and TBT treatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression and activity in the digestive glands and gills in a time-dependent manner. In response to the Cd and TBT treatments, antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression and activity increased up to day 5 in the digestive glands and then decreased by day 7. In the gills, antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression and activity increased up to day 3 and then decreased by day 5. Likewise, $H_2O_2$ concentrations significantly increased up to day 5 and then decreased by day 7. Finally, lysozyme activity decreased during the experimental period, whereas GOT and GPT levels were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes play an important role in decreasing ROS levels and oxidative stress in ark shells exposed to Cd and TBT.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1995

Antioxidant effect of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) was investigated in rats. Long-term administration of ginseng water extract protected the activity of liver cytosotic SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase from being significantly decreased with advancing age (p<0.05). It was more effective toward glutathione peroxidase than other antioxidant enzymes. However, the level of sulfhydryl compounds and its related enzymes such as glutathione reductase and glutathione-5-transferase was not significantly changed by the administration of ginseng. Liver microsomal formation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide did not show a significant difference between two groups although it was slightly decreased with age, but lipid peroxidizability of microsomal membrane induced by a prooxidant was slightly lower in ginseng-treated rats. Interestingly, antioxidant capacity of plasma from ginseng treated rats on autooxidation of ok-brain homogenates was much higher than that of normal ones. However, resistance of RBC membrane against oxidative stress showed a similar tendency. The content of serum TBA reactive substances lowered consistently in the rats treated with r ginseng at all corresponding age and a significant difference between two groups was found at 24 months of age (p<0.05). Ginseng extract protected lipid peroxidation in brain and liver. This protection was more effective in the stressed rats imposed by immobilization than normal ones. In conclusion, ginseng water extract protected the age related deterioration of major antioxidant enzymes, and this effect was more striking with increasing duration of treatment. This comprehensive antioxidant action of ginseng seems to be bra certain action of ginseng other than a direct antioxidant action, which might be a long term normalizing effect through the harmony of various components.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2002

Chemical carcinogen-induced alteration of aldehyde metabolic enzymes were examined in clone 9 cell. Diethylnitrosamine (DENA), N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) were wed as model carcinogens. Changes in enzyme activities by repetitive treatment of DENA, NEU or NNM were analyzed in terms of specific activities and activity stainings of the enzymes on the gel. Upon treatment of DENA, lipid peroxide level increased upto 10 fold, indicating strong oxidative stress state of the cell. Notable enhancement of ADH and ALDH activity occurred after DENA treatment, while glutathione-S-transferase activity was slightly increased. Furthermore, about 2.5 fold higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was detected during deactivation of catalase (CAT) activity by repetitive treatment of DENA. However in NEU-treated cell, about 2.3 fold higher ALDH activity was found while ADH activity was slightly increased. Notable increase CAT and SOD could also be found. In contrast, maximum 3.5 fold higher CAT activity occurred during SOD deactivation in NNM-treated cell. These results suggest that there might be different enzymatic responses in relation to cell protection against DENA, NEU or NNM.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1483-1489
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise and a protein diet on immunoglobulin and antioxidant enzymes in rats. Forty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 weeks old, were used. Experimental groups were divided into exercise with protein diet group (A, n=11), exercise group (B, n=11), protein diet group (C, n=11), and the control group (D, n=11). Exercise was administered through a treadmill running program (14~18 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade, 20 min/day, 5 day/wk) and these rats were given a 40% protein diet for 4 wk. The results of this study are as follows: the protein diet group showed a significant increase in IgG of immunoglobulin compared to the exercise group and control group; the exercise with protein diet group and protein diet group showed a significant increase in SOD activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group; the exercise with protein diet group, exercise group and protein diet group showed a significant increase in GPx activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group; the exercise with protein diet group showed a significant increase in CAT activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the protein diet group and control group. In conclusion, treadmill exercise and a protein diet were found to help with immunoglobulin and antioxidant enzymes. Further research regarding the effects of exercise and protein diets is required.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.107-111
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• 2013

Preterm infants are vulnerable to the oxidative stress due to the production of large amounts of free radicals, antioxidant system insufficiency, and immature oligodendroglial cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the development of periventricular leukomalacia. The three most common ROS are superoxide ($O2^{\cdot-}$), hydroxyl radical ($OH^{\cdot}$), and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$). Under normal physiological conditions, a balance is maintained between the production of ROS and the capacity of the antioxidant enzyme system. However, if this balance breaks down, ROS can exert toxic effects. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are considered the classical antioxidant enzymes. A recently discovered antioxidant enzyme family, peroxiredoxin (Prdx), is also an important scavenger of free radicals. Prdx1 expression is induced at birth, whereas Prdx2 is constitutively expressed, and Prdx6 expression is consistent with the classical antioxidant enzymes. Several antioxidant substances have been studied as potential therapeutic agents; however, further preclinical and clinical studies are required before allowing clinical application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.39-39
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• 2003

Antioxidant enzyme genes play a key role in cell defense against the lethal effects of oxidative stresses in animals and have an essential function which has allowed the evolution of aerobic respiration starting from an ancient form of oxygen-insensitive life. Piscine antioxidant enzymes are also involved in the rapid response to various toxic chemicals as well as many biological stresses, indicating that they could be used as biomarkers for health and aquatic environment. With the purpose for developing fine molecular probing tool to assess the stresses in marine fish, we identified three major antioxidant enzyme genes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase) from Korean rock bream using expressed sequence tag analysis and/or high density filter screening. Here we report the molecular information on these gene transcripts including complete sequence data and expression profiles.